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Pesticides, the most cost-effective （1）of pest and weed control, allow the maintenance of current yields and so contribute（2） economic viability .Concern about the environmental impact of repeated pesticide use has prompted research into the environmental fate of these agents, which （3）emigrate from treated fields to air, other land and water bodies. How （4）the pesticide remains in the soil depends on how strongly it is bound by soil components and how readily it is degraded .It （5）depends on the environmental conditions at the time of application, e.g.oil water content. Pesticide use must ensure public safety and environmental protection with（6）to both the chemical itself and their potentially harmful metabolites. This paper reviews what is known of the （7）of the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil system, such as moisture content, organic matter and clay contents, and pH, on the sorption/desorption and degradation of pesticides and their access to groundwater and surface waters. An understanding of the fate of pesticides is essential for rational decision-taking regarding their authorization. To reach an adequate understanding will require the concourse（8）soil science, clay mineralogy, physical chemistry, surface chemistry, environmental microbiology, plant physiology and, no doubt, other disciplines.（9）through a multidisciplinary approach to environmental research will it be possible to plan, manage, pursue and integrate the results of the studies that will be necessary for the development of tools and techniques allowing effective environmental decision-making. There seems to be a great potential to develop microbially derived pesticides, which are effective, reliable and have a（10）environmental risk. In addition, new application techniques, for example precision band spraying, can reduce the dose, which can be a very effective way to minimize transport and emission but also to avoid a build-up of resistance in target organisms. Improved formulations will also be needed to reduce off-target deposition, improve retention on target, and enhance uptake and translocation.

In this part of writing，you are required to write a composition for no more than 300 words based on the following information.If you had an opportunity to invite three researchers in the research field which you are interested in, who would you like to invite? What questions would you like to ask in order to start, continue and finish your conversations with them?

“培根-Of Study (论读书)”Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateers and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some book are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; pets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

随着对知识内涵认识的加深，人类也从不同角度对知识进行分类。从某种意义上说，对知识进行分类恰恰是建立在对内涵的理解之上的，分类原则本身也在一定程度上体现出人类在不同社会经济形态下对知识作用的不同认识。我国曾一度按照知识的来源将其划分为三类：来源于生产实践的知识、来源于社会实践的知识以及来源于科学实验的知识。德国哲学家马克斯•舍勒(MaxScheller)将知识划分为应用知识、学术知识和精神知识三大类。随着知识经济理论的逐渐发展，经济合作发展组织对知识的分类成为目前最具有权威性和流行性的一种。根据该组织《以知识为基础的经济》一书的划分，可以将 “知识’’归纳为四种类型：事实知识、原理知识、技能知识和人力知识。以上分类是从知识使用的角度进行的，因而注重知识的实践性和价值性。为了更深地理解知识的含义，并对其进行有效的管理，我们还可进一步将知识划分为两大类别：显性知识和隐性知识。

The difference in tone and language must strike us, as soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide. This function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal .constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society. Science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart or things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remolds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.1.As used in the passage, the author would define "wisdom" as （）.2.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?3.According to the author, science differs from religion in that（） .4.The author states that religion differs from rationality in that （）.5.According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be （）.

These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the “great classless society”. The idea that the 20th century is the age of the common man has become one of great cliches of our time.The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: Monarchy as a system of government has completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, “survival of the fittest”，and “might is right “are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit for “aristocracy” read “meritocracy”； in other respects society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintainedGenuine ability, animal cunning, skill the knack of seizing opportunities, all brings material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them “a good start in life”. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality. We do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality. Privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.1.What is the main idea of this passage?2.According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid of inequality because （）.3.Who can obtain more rapid success?4.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because（） .5.According to the author, “class divisions” refers to（） .

Abraham Lincoln turns 200 this year, and he’s beginning to show his age. When his birthday arrives, on February 12, Congress will hold a special joint session in the Capitol’s National Statuary Hall, a wreath will be laid at the great memorial in Washington, and a webcast will link school classrooms for a "teach-in" honoring his memory.Admirable as they are, though, the events will strike many of us Lincoln fans as inadequate, even halfhearted- and another sign that our appreciation for the 16th president and his towering achievements is slipping away. And you don't have to be a Lincoln enthusiast to believe that this is something we can’t afford to lose.Compare this year’s celebration with the Lincoln centennial, in 1909, that year, Lincoln's likeness made its debut on the penny, thanks to approval from the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Communities and civic associations in every comer of the country erupted in parades, concerts, balls, lectures, and military displays. We still feel the effects today: The momentum unloosed in 1909 led to the Lincoln Memorial, opened in 1922, and the Lincoln Highway, the first paved transcontinental thoroughfare.The celebrants in 1909 had a few inspirations we lack today. Lincoln’s presidency was still a living memory for countless Americans. In 2009 we are farther in time from the end of the Second World War than they were from the Civil War; families still felt the loss of loved ones from that awfiil national trauma.But Americans in 1909 had something more: an unembarrassed appreciation for heroes and an acute sense of the way that even Long-dead historical figures press in on the present and make us who we are.One story will illustrate what I'm talking about.In 2003 a group of local citizens arranged to place a statue of Lincoln in Richmond, Virginia, former capital of the Confederacy. The idea touched off a firestorm of controversy. The Sons of Confederate Veterans held a public conference of carefully selected scholars to "reassess" the legacy of Lincoln. The verdict - no surprise - was negative: Lincoln was labeled everything from a racist totalitarian to a teller of dirty jokes.I covered the conference as a reporter, but what really unnerved me was a counter-conference of scholars to refute the earlier one. These scholars drew a picture of Lincoln that only our touchy-felly age could conjure up. The man who oversaw the most savage war in our history was described- by his admirers, remember-as “nonjudgmental.” “Unmoralistic.” “Comfortable with ambiguity”I felt the way a friend of mine felt as we later watched the unveiling of the Richmond statue in a subdued ceremony: “But he’s so small’The statue in Richmond was indeed small; like nearly every Lincoln statue put up in the past half century, it was life-size and was placed at ground level, a conscious rejection of the heroic-approachable and human, yes, but not something to look up to.The Richmond episode taught me that Americans have lost the language to explain Lincoln’s greatness even to ourselves. Earlier generations said they wanted their children to be like Lincoln: principled, kind,Compassionate, resolute. Today we want Lincoln to be like us.His helps to explain the long string of recent books in which writers have presented a Lincoln made after their own image. We've had Lincoln as humorist and Lincoln as manic-depressive, Lincoln the business sage, the conservative Lincoln and the liberal Lincoln the emancipator and the racist the stoic philosopher, the Christian. The atheist - Lincoln over easy and Lincoln scrambled.What's often missing, though, is the timeless Lincoln, the Lincoln whom all generations, our own no less than that of 1909, can lay claim to. Lucky for us, those memorializes from a century ago—and through them. Lincoln himself- have left us a hint of where to find him.The Lincoln Memorial is the most visited of our presidential monuments. Here is where we find the Lincoln who endures: in the words he left us, defining the country we've inherited. Here is the Lincoln who can be endlessly renewed and who, 200 years after his birth, retains the power to renew us.1.The author thinks that this year’s celebration is inadequate and even halfhearted because （）.2.According to the passage, what really makes the 1909 celebrations different from this year's?3.In the author's opinion the counter-conference（）4.According to the author, the image of Lincoln conceived by contemporary people（） .5.Which of the following best explains the implication of the last paragraph?

In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in order respects, appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence-as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learned that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. Not solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wound what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living -standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk，”the advocate of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2.Recorded history has taught us （）.3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men（） .4.“He was none the wiser” means （）.5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is（） .

As the great low ebb of high tech sweeps through the world of online commerce, two kinds of sites are weathering the storm. The first group is often referred to as “clicks and mortar”，online extensions of stores like Wal-Mart or Sears. They take an existing, traditional business and extend it into the online arena. The second group provides a unique service made possible by the Internet’s special characteristics. Job sites and online auctioneer e-Bay are both good examples of the new breed of business that provides that the Internet continues to foster.Cafepress.com is one of the latter groups. It’s a website that provides users with online stores where they can sell shirts, mugs, and mouse pads customized with their own logos and/or slogans. By itself, this is a fairly useful service, and an example of how the Internet has changed the art of marketing and customer service.Cafepress.Com，however, is remarkable for another reason. Customers don’t need to talk to another human being to get their store “built” in the first place. The site lets you upload an image and choose what sort of item you’d like it to appear on. You can then choose how much to mark the item up the difference between the item’s base cost and your mark-up price is your profit.Base prices are high, but understandable when you consider what cafepress.com does for the initial investment. An eleven-ounce mug starts at $10.99. For that,cafepress.com prints the mug on a piece-by-piece basis, provides the ordering software, handles the money, packs it, and ships it for you. The mug’s purchaser pays shipping and handling costs; the store owner’s effort is limited to uploading the original image for the mug, setting the cost, and writing a brief description of the item.It seems to be catching on. “More and more companies come to us, who want to do some kind of merchandising, who want to offer a range of products to their users, but don’t want the hassles associated with it.” says Maheesh Jain, Cafepress.com’s co-founder andvice-president. “That’s where we come in—we9re one of the few companies that offer this kind of full-service solution.”But the most exciting aspect of cafepress.com is not its ability to help major corporations outsource and customize their merchandising efforts. What’s remarkable about the system is how simple it is to open a store. An average individual with an idea that could sell 50 T-shirts or mugs can’t justify traditional merchandising efforts, but with cafepress.com, users can easily bring ideas to fruition with very little time and no financial risk. Moreover, the quality of the merchandising is good; I’ve order a mug and a shirt from cafepress.com, and both were shipped relatively promptly, and arrived exactly as promised.Cafepress.com is an idea that’s easy to get excited about. It’s a small—but tangible—example of how the Internet can change the way we live.1.The expression “weathering the storm’’in the first sentence means（） .2.The first kind of site differs from the second kind of site in that（） .3.Which of the following about Cafepress.com is NOT true?4.What kinds of Customers need Cafepress.com most according to its vice-president?5.Those that have problem keeping their commodities moving. What is the most outstanding aspect about Cafepress.com according to the author?

It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase presumes an abundant and cheap supply. Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustible an economical source of power and that it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of other advantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Furthermore, it is questionable whether ultimately nuclear power is a cheap source of energy. There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia.The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of market. In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Thus if we wish to survive, we cannot afford nuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on.Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is a doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.1.The writer’s attitude toward nuclear energy is（） .2.According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy?3.Some people claim that unclear energy is essential because （）.4.Which of the following statements does the writer support?5.The function of the last sentence is（） .

People like being trusted. They are annoyed, angry, or feel hurt if they are regarded with （1） .They think that they are（2）an injustice. They like being trusted for two reasons:(l)It is a tribute to their honesty, truth, strength, （3），kindness and good character;(2)They find it easier to cheat others. These two （4）Suggest what our attitude towards trust in （5） should be. It is not a simple attitude. We must keep a balance between two （6） over suspiciousness and infantile naivety.A parallel to our trust in people could be our trust in natural （7）.However careful we are, we cannot guarantee （8） safety for ourselves in the physical world, yet we act as（9 ）we can trust an ordered series of physical events. We take the bus to work in the morning （10）that we will arrive safely at our office or school. We have no （11） that we will. The bus could be （12） in an accident.If we were to （13） every accident that might happen to us we would never do anything.We would just remain sitting at home. Even then we could never be absolutely （14） that the ceiling would not collapse on us. （15）we are to do anything at all, we must take risks. Of course we try to reduce risks to a （16）。Similarly with regard to people, trusting them involves taking the risks of being （17 ） .Not trusting them places us outside the area of community activity,（18） trust is an essential bond in community living. In a competitive, materialistic world it would be（19） to trust everyone in everything. However, we should widen the area of trust as far as possible. We cannot eliminate all risks in such trust （20）we should lessen them as far as possible by reliance on intelligence and experience worth our own and those of adults whose reliability has been proven.

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists（1）research the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain （2）rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence（3） approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks （4）in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, （5）to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know they’re working for a （6） and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity’’，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for（7）performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with discouraged students, Eisenberger holds （8） an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing （9）.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in （10）students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

在保证安全的情况下，核电站(nuclear power plant )有许多优点：核能发电不像其他发电那样排放巨量的污染物到大气中，因此核能发电不会造成空气污染；核能发电不会产生加重地球温室效应的二氧化碳；核能电厂所使用的燃料体积小，运输与储存都很方便；核能发电的成本中，燃料费用所占的比例较低，核能发电的成本不易受到国际经济情势影响，故发电成本较其他发电方法更为稳定。但是，它也有缺点，核能电厂会产生放射性废料，会对生态及民众造成伤害；核能电厂投资成本太大，电力公司的财务风险较高；兴建核电厂较易引发政治岐见纷争。请结合上个月日本发生的核泄露事件，发表你对发展核电站的看法，题目自拟。作文请写在答题纸上！

人类建立秩序是出于必须和渴望战胜环境的挑战，这样一种有秩序的状态就称作 “国家”，而“法律”就是维持国家存在的规则，时间伴随着这些由法律和秩序建立起来的安宁和平静，在时间的流逝中，经过了数世纪的进化，人类终于进入了探索他自己所在的星系的时刻，只有人类在所有的生物中的进化能被视为进步。当社会发生变革时，每个人在其所生活的大群体中的价值和权力都会增加，个人价值在人类群体从部落渐渐变成文明社会时并未减少，它反而成了统治所有人的法令的指导。

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working: but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

It’s all annual back-to-school routine. One morning you wave goodbye, and that（1）evening you’re burning the late-night oil in sympathy. In the race to improve educational standards, （2）are throwing the books at kids, （3）elementary school students are complaining of home work （4）. What’s a well-meaning parent to do?As hard as（5） may be, sit back and chill, expels advice. Though you’ve got to get them to do it, （6） helping too much, or even examining :（7） too carefully, you may keep them （8）doing it by themselves, “I wouldn’t advise a parent to check every （9）assignment “ says psychologist John Rosemond, author of Ending the Tough Homework. “There’s a（10）of appreciation for trial and error. Let your children（11）the grade they deserve, “Many experts believe parents should gently look over the work of younger children and ask them to rethink their （12）But “you don’t want them to feel it has to be （13）.’’She says.That’s not to say parents should （14）homework-first, they should monitor how much homework their kids（15）. Thirty minutes a day in the early elementary years and an hour in （16）four, five, and six is standard, says Rosemond. For junior-high students it should be “（17）more than an hour and a half/’ and two for high school students. If your child（18）has more home work than this, you may want to check （19）other parents and then talk to the teacher about（20） assignments.

The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic aging is undoubtedly a reality. Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK’s current numbers of 10,000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby girls bom in the West today will live to see the next century.（1）Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war.Decreasing mortality rates increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men (to 75) and three years for women (to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace themselves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with all opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure.（2）The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western World are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing.（3）The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt, While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part. Time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. Indeed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so year. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long.（4）A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously.（5）In the developed world therefore, we can see actual benefits from population aging: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world.Herein lays another myth: that the less developed world will escape form demographic aging. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years - is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic aging is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations.As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of income, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programs. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programmes or facilities to tackle this.

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretion, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretion travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretion ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Baylisa and Starling showed that it could occur through to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretion, taking it from the Greek word hormone, meaning “to excite” or 66to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced bye one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits..1.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to（） .2.The word it in the second paragraph refers to （）.3.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to（）4.To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must （）.5.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to（） .6.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to（） .7.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to（） .8.The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to （）.9.Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?10.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation- conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.1.According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in（） .2.The world “it” in line 4(paragraph 4) refers to（） .3.Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?4.Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ocean ice?5.What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?

The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promise of the 20th century.The promise was assured economic security-even comfort- for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days- lack of food warmth, shelter- would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U. S). Labor unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into to being and offered the possibility- in some cases the promise- of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions. The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labor-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to define contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). The significance of the 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into plan each year and how it gets invested- the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.What brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’401(k) accounts, That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401 (k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401 (k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll -be -taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th -century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.1.Why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history...’’？2.According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in（）3.Changes in pension schemes were also part of （）.4.Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly because （）.5.Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?

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