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The physician’s diagnosis was not conducive to rejoicing: “Peter, you seem to have a slight ease of gout.”

He is going to compile the data requested by the tax collector.

When a child has become ______ to life in a city, he may feel quite at a loss in any other environment.

Obviously these are all factors affecting smooth operation, but the problem is still ______ to be identified.

The workers ______ their employer’s unwillingness to pay higher wages.

Helen and Nick take the children to school on ______ day.

The song on the radio a vivid memory of a pleasant childhood holiday at the ______ seashore.

The old miser, completely abandoned by his relatives and friends, lived a miserable, ______ life.

It is necessary to______ lofty ideas into means of the youth.

Something that is______ is not directed towards one place but spreads out over a large area.

We must honor our ______ to smaller nations.

The militants on the executive are unlikely to______ with leaders they regard as over-conciliatory.

Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words on the ANSWER SHEET according to the topic given below. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

在最近8年中，由手机短信现象引起的最激烈的争论是关于不规范用语。“短信语言”作为一种新兴的英语表达方式，颠覆了字母和数字，创造出极简洁的词汇和情绪表达方式，令语言的尽忠信守者和学究们惶恐不已。他们担心，尽管短信使人们之间的交流更多更快了，但不规范的短信语言会使人们忘记正常的交流方式。发短信会造就几代文盲吗？英语会就此消亡吗？语言学家们对此忧心忡忡。

What if “eating local” in Shanghai or New York meant getting your fresh product from five Blocks away? And what if skyscrapers grew off the grid, as verdant, self-sustaining towers where city slickers cultivated their own food? Dr. Despommier’s pet project is the “vertical farm,” a concept he created in 1999 with students in his class on medical ecology, the study of how the environment and human health interact. The idea, which has captured the imagination of some architects in the United States and Europe in the past several years, just caught the eye of another big city dreamer Scott M. Stringer. When Mr. Stringer heard about the concept in June, he said he immediately pictured a “food farm” addition to the New York City skyline. “Obviously we don’t have vast amounts of vacant land,” he said in a phone interview. “But the sky is the limit in Manhattan” Mr. Stringer’s office is “sketching out what it would take to pilot a vertical farm.”

Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused in part by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicions with them. These new urbanites, who already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrializations and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. The first paragraph suggests that most people who loved in rural areas .3. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in coder to .4. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?5. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCERT __.6. Why does the author mention “industrialization”?

In a breath-taking turn of events, Asia’s economies have gone from miracle to meltdown in a matter of weeks. Many forecasters who recently predicted GDP growth of 6% in South Korea and Southeast Asia for 1998 are suddenly projecting zero or even negative growth. In the often short-sighted world of international finance, a new conventional wisdom is quickly forming: that inept policy-making is dragging down Asian economies and that only the tough austerity medicine of the International Monetary Fund, plus a good stiff recession, will bring the region’s economies back to track.In recent years, foreign and domestic investors in East Asia got a touch of what U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has famously termed “irrational exuberance.” Spurred by years’ high economic growth in Asia, these investors poured billions of dollars of loans into the region, financing many worthwhile investments but also an unsustainable real estate boom.This over-investment need not have caused a crisis. A healthy reaction would have involved a gradual cutback in foreign lending, a gradual weakening of Asia’s overvalued currencies and gradual shift of investments from over-inflated property sectors back to long-term export-oriented projects. Most short-term booms are brought down to earth without extreme crisis, and such an adjustment was most likely scenario until the summer in 1997.In the event. Asia experienced a financial meltdown. A gradual withdrawal of funds from Thailand suddenly became a stampede. Thailand’s government dallied in responding to the overheating long after it had become apparent, and as a result squandered Thailand’s foreign exchange reserves in a misguided attempt to defend the overvalued baht. The stampede came when foreign creditors realized that Thailand had more short-term foreign debts than the remaining short-term foreign reserves. A “rational” panic began. Each inventor started to dump assets simply to get out of Thailand ahead of other investors. Panic in Thailand soon took a toll on the economies of its neighbors. The chain reaction of nervous withdrawals led to a meltdown that now includes most of East Asia.Confidence has been so drained that Asia’s positive “fundamentals”—historically high rates of growth, savings and exports—are being overlooked. Economies rely on confidence, and what they most need to fear is, indeed, fear itself.1. What is the most appropriate title for this passage?2. The word “meltdown” in paragraph 1 is closet in analogy to .3. What descriptions are answerable to the international aid package?4. According to conventional wisdom, an austere recession is .5. The chain reaction of investment withdrawals from East Asian countries can best be said .6. The word “squandered” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .7. According to the passage, what is supposed to be the key link to the economic recovery in East Asia?

The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients, directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates—or creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects and many different types of worms) — make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders. Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of “foreign” cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.The ability to distinguish between “self”, and “nonself”, while present in all animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to.3. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue .4. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between “self” and “nonself” enables vertebrates to .5. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCERT .6. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses __.

Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience and convey it to one another. Without a common system of codifying sensations, life would be absurd and all efforts to share meanings doomed to failure. This universe of discourse—one of the most precious of all cultural legacies—is transmitted to each generation in part consciously and in part unconsciously. Parents and teachers give explicit instruction in it by praising or criticizing certain ways of dressing, of thinking, of gesturing, of responding to the acts of others. But the most significant aspects of any cultural code may be conveyed implicitly, not by rule or lesson but through modeling behavior. The child is surrounded by others who, through the mere consistency of their actions as males and females, mothers and fathers, salesclerks and policemen, display what is appropriate behavior. Thus the grammar of any culture is sent and received largely unconsciously, making one’s own cultural assumptions and biases difficult to recognize. They seem so obviously right that require no explanation.In The Open and Close Mind, Milton Rokeach poses the problem of cultural understanding in its simplest form, but one that can readily demonstrate the complications of communication between cultures. It is called the “Denny Doodlebug problem”. Readers are given all the rules that govern this culture: Denny is an animal that always faces North, and can move only by jumping, he can jump large distances or small distances, but can change direction only after jumping four times in direction; he can jump North, South. East or West, but not diagonally. Upon concluding a jump his master places some food three feet directly West of him. Surveying the situation, Denny concludes he must jump four times to reach the food. No more or less. And he is right. All the reader has to do is to explain the circumstances that make his conclusion correct.The large majority of people who attempt this problem fail to solve it, despite the fact that they are given all the rules that control behavior in this culture. If there is difficulty in getting inside the simplistic world of Denny Doodlebug—where the cultural code has already been broken and handed to us—imagine the complexity of comprehending behavior in societies whose codes have not yet been deciphered and where even those who obey these codes are only vaguely aware and can rarely describe the underlying sources of their own actions.1. We acquire the greater part of our cultural codes by.2. What does “the grammar of any culture” refer to in the first paragraph?3. By reading The Open and Closed Mind, we may .4. It can be inferred from the passage that __.5. Which one of the following statements about cultural code is TRUE?

A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human locomotion: the footprints of early hominids. The best-known specimens are the remarkable tracks discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leakey. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75 million years ago, according to potassium-argon dates of the volcanic rocks above and below this level. These hominids walked across a stretch of moist volcanic ash, which was subsequently turned to mud by rain, and which then set like concrete.Examination of the shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch, a rounded heel, a pronounced ball, and a big toe that pointed forward. These features, together with the weight-bearing pressure patterns, resembled the prints of upright-walking modern humans. The pressures exerted along the foot, together with the length of stride, which averaged 87 centimeters; indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly. In short, all the detectable morphological features implied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different from those of contemporary humans.A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurement through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints. The result emphasized that there were at least seven points of similarity with modern bipedal prints, such as the depth of the heel impression, and the deep imprint of the big toe. M Day and E. Wlckens also took stereophotographs of the Lateoll prints and compared them with modern prints made by men and women in similar soil conditions. Once again the results furnished possible evidence of bipedalism. Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones.The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example, in French caves dating from the end of the last ice age, approximately 10,000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales, using detailed silicon resin molds of footprints mostly made by bare feet, has provided information about this period.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. The age of the Laetoli footprints was estimated by .3. It can be inferred that the footprints in volcanic ash at Laetoli were well preserved because .4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the feet in Mary Leakey’s fossil find?5. Why does the author mention the “heel impression” in paragraph 3?6. What can be inferred about the footprints found in French caves mentioned in the last paragraph?

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