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Tom and Rachel Leihbachei’s friends have always been instrumental in their lives.

He looked with rapture at the face of his newly born baby.

The training of human intelligence must include the simultaneous development of the empathetic capacity.

From the vast arsenal of existing science and technology, the developing countries should select what suits their own purposes and what corresponds to their aspirations.

The fear of small pox, which terrorized the eighteenth century, has no analogy today.

Although many （modifications）have been made in it, the game known in the United States as football can be traced directly to the English game of rugby.

Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines; the Bug-Eyed Monster embodying every feature that most people find repulsive. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. The basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of human life that it considers make it well worth reading and studying—for no other literary form does quite the same things.The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer must be, unfortunately, that there have been few attempts to consider this question at any length or with much seriousness; it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its characteristics. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it nor that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To begin with, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary subgenre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follow the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition with necessarily be modified and expanded, and probably changed, in the course of this exploration, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a points of departure.The first point—that science fiction is a literary subgenre—is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek’s RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known; the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly large. To say that science fiction is a subgenre of prose fiction that is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general—that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.Everything that can be said about prose fiction in general applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting characters, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man’s nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.1. Science fiction is called a literary subgenre because .2. The view of science fiction encouraged by pulp magazines, while wrong, is nevertheless .3. An appropriate title for the passage would be .4. The author’s definition suggests that all science fiction deals with .5. One implication of the final sentence in the passage is that __.

The most obvious and least noticed man-made marvel in California is its highway system. It is an engineering event on the scale of the transcontinental railroad, over 15, 000 miles long and fifty years in the making. By a long measure, it is the best highway system in the country, which means that it is the best highway system in the world. California, its various departments and agencies, has taught numberless nations how to build modem roads, and if the world is now less convinced about the necessity of superhighways that it used to be, that has more to do with geology than with design and engineering.The California highway system is also where many of us learned the pleasures of motoring. Much has been written about (California’s love affair with the automobile, and much of it is wrong. To be sure, a few citizens lavish an inordinate amount of attention on their cars, but for most of us routine maintenance and a sporty little ironclad warranty are all necessary. The real pleasures of the road have to do with driving the experience rather than the vehicle, the verb rather than the noun. The pleasures of driving are an obvious extension of the pleasures of the trail, the progressive revelation of natural wonders and cultural information. Driving is an aesthetic experience so commonplace that it is frequently ignored, yet a bad drive is as painful as a bad painting and requires much more stamina to endure. For Americans, driving is also nearly universal; more people have revealed in a good drive than have, say, attended a baseball game or gotten divorced.So it is the good drives that we celebrate here. The following list is arbitrary and personal—and incomplete. I have not driven every road in California, I have heard, for instance, that 299 from Redding to Alturas is worth a detour (绕道), but I have not included it because I’ve never done it. Call this list rather, a talking paper, a work in progress, a set of nominations (there are only seven drives on it, which suggests that the California top ten has three slots open). My criteria were mostly predictable scenic beauty, surprise, transformation, ease of driving, traffic flow, plus a leavening of whim. They are listed in a vague order of reference, as follows.1. What does the author want to tell us in the first paragraph?2. It is on California highways that many people .3. According to the author, a few citizens tend to .4. The second paragraph suggests the driving is __.5. If the author introduces some roads in California to the reader in the following paragraph, how many roads are to the introduced?

Systematic efforts at national nutrition planning in developing countries go back barely a decade. During that brief time there has been considerable progress in establishing the extent and causes of malnutrition and what can be done to reduce it.Ten years ago, malnutrition was often thought to reflect primarily a shortage of protein (and in some cases, vitamins or minerals). Most nutrition programs concentrated on providing high-protein food to children, usually in schools. The emphasis today is different. There is now a wide measure of agreement on several broad propositions.Serious and extensive nutritional deficiencies occur in virtually all developing countries, though they are worst in low-income countries. They are usually caused by undernourishment—a shortage of food—not by an imbalance between calories and protein. There may often be shortage of specific micronutrients and of protein, especially among young children. But given the typical composition of the diets of the poor, to the extent that calorie requirements (as estimated by the FAO and the WHO) are met, it is likely that other nutritional needs will also be satisfied.Malnutrition affects old and young, male and female, urban and rural dwellers; particularly prevalent among children under five, it reduces their resistance to diseases and is a major cause of their death. In many societies, girls suffer more than boys.Malnutrition is largely a reflection of poverty; people do not have enough income for food. Given the slow income growth that is likely for poverty-stricken people in the foreseeable future, large numbers will remain malnourished for decades to come.Poor nutritional practices and the inequitable distribution of food within families are also causes of malnutrition.The most effective long term policies are those that raise the incomes of the poor, and those that raise food production per person. Other relevant policies include food subsidies, nutrition education, adding minerals or vitamins to salt and other processed foods, and increasing emphasis on producing foods typically consumed by the poor.These points will be amplified in the following discussion.1. During the past 10 years developing countries .2. Which one of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of malnutrition?3. With regard to the future, the author tends to believe that .4. “Nutrition education” is mentioned in the passage as .5. It can be predicted from the last sentence of the passage that the author is going to talk in detail about .

Humans are forever forgetting that they can’t control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a Time magazine cover story announced that “scientists are on the verge of being able to predict the time, place and even the size of earthquakes”. The people of quake ruined Kobe(神户) learned last week how wrong that assertion was.None of the methods raised two decades ago have succeeded. Even now, scientists have yet to discover a uniform warning signal that precedes all quakes, let alone any sign that would till whether the coming quake is mild or a killer. Earthquake formation can be trigged by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist at the California Institute of Technology. So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impossible. One reason: Quakes start deep in the earth, so scientists can’t study them directly.If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes. Places like Japan and California are filled with hundreds, if not thousands, of minor faults (断层). It is impossible to place monitoring instruments on all of them. And these inconspicuous sites can be just as deadly as their better-known cousins like the San Andreas Fault (圣安得列斯断层). Both the Kobe and the 1994 Northridge quakes occurred on small faults.Prediction would be less important if scientists could easily build structures to withstand tremors. While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 year, every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in “quake resistant” structures, says Terry Tullis, a geophysicist at Brown University. In Kobe, for example, a highway that opened only last year was damaged.In the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally did not collapse. But engineers have since found hidden problems in 120 steel-frame buildings that survived. Such structures are supposed to sway with the earth rather than crumple. They may have swayed, but the quake also unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steel skeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.A recent report in Science adds yet more anxiety about life on the fault lines. Researchers ran computer simulations to see how quake-resistant buildings would fare in a moderate size tremor, taking into account that much of a quake’s energy travels in a large “pulse” of focused shaking. The results: both steel-frame buildings and buildings that sit on insulating rubber pads suffered severe damage.More research will help experts design stronger structures and possibly find quake precursors. But it is still a certainty that the next earthquake will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored and every highway cannot be completely quakeproofed.1. Which of the following statements is true about Kobe?2. The author’s focus in Para. 3 is on .3. It’s impossible to avoid damages in earthquakes because .4. It is implied in the passage that .5. The best title for this passage could be .

The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative actions.

Even without these protections, individuals can act to protect their own privacy. In some cases, market forces can create incentives for companies to protect privacy if consumers consistently call for such protection. Consumers should study a company’s privacy policy in its promotional literature. If such a policy is weak or nonexistent, it is reasonable to assume that the company uses any personal information it captures in every way it legally can.Consumers can also protect their privacy when faced with what they consider excessive requests for information by asking why the information is pertinent or by refusing to answer the questions. Finally, individuals can take initiative by informing other citizens about specific privacy problems. Many threats to privacy remain unpublicized simply because there are too many of them for existing privacy advocates to track. Even simple research on an unpublicized privacy problem can have an impact when submitted to a relevant Internet forum, watchdog group, or media outlet.

In other words, language is not necessary the private property of those who use it, just as French is not the private property of French people, nor English of English people.

It was broadcast on the radio that trains to the city were delayed due to the exceptionally heavy rain flooded a nearby area east of it.

During his 10 years of service in Tibet he worked much more than which was good for his health and now he is virtually an invalid.

We have been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointing graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.

The large amounts of personal data floating around in society today leaves individuals open to having their privacy to be violated, sometimes with serious consequences.

If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign which you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do.

Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have less teeth than men by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted.

A person’s optimism level changes over the years, depending on what’s happening in their life, the type of people they socialize and how determined they are to motivate themselves.

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