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A well-written composition ______ good choice of words and clear organization among other things.

The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally ______ because of the bad weather.

That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ______ the police.

If you don’t like to swim, you ______ stay at home.

When the whole area was ______ by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter.

I can’t ______ what that object is.

Looking back on my childhood, I am convinced that naturalists are born and not made. Although we were all brought up in the same way, my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do mental arithmetic.Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystal-clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds, and above all, the insects.I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world and my enthusiasm had led me into varied investigations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil while reading about other people’s observations and discoveries. Then something happens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind. Suddenly you fancy you see the answer to the riddle, because it all seems to fit together. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books, which some might honor with the title of scientific research.But curiosity, a keen eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: one of the outstanding and essential qualities required is self-discipline, a quality I lack. A scientist requires not only self-discipline but hard training, determination and a goal. A scientist, up to a point, can be made. A naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds.1. The first paragraph tells us the author .2. The author can’t remember his relatives clearly because .3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author was .4. The author says that he is a naturalist rather than a scientist probably because he thinks he .5. According to the author, a born naturalist should first of all be __.

Sailors, and Fishermen in particular, have always been extremely superstitious. This is hardly surprising when one considers the changeable nature of the sea where, even today with sophisticated weather-forecasting techniques, a sudden storm can blow up quite unexpectedly. In the days before radio and engines, where there could be no long-distance communication with another ship or land, and when sails were the only means of movement, it was only natural for the sailor to take every precaution to avoid offending the gods who controlled the sea.One way of pleasing these gods was to make an annual offering. This custom survives in the ceremony of blessing the sea, which can still been seen once a year in some fishing ports. Next to pleasing the sea-gods, the most important thing for the sailor was to know that his boat was free from evil influences. The time to make sure of this was at the launching ceremony. It is clear that the well-known custom of launching a ship by breaking a bottle of champagne against the side goes back a very long way. The purpose of it is to keep away evil spirits rather than to ask for the sea-god’s protection.Starting on a new voyage or fishing trip was a dangerous business at the best of times. Once the fishermen had set out for his ship, he dared not, on any account, look back. It was bad luck even to call after him, so if he had forgotten anything, someone had to run after him and put the object into his hands. Bad luck could also result from some chance meeting on the way to the boats. In some countries it was considered particularly unlucky to meet a priest, a rabbit or a woman. In such an event, the only thing to do was to turn back and sail next day.1. What made sailors and fishermen superstitious?2. The fishermen tried to please the sea gods by .3. Sailors broke a bottle of champagne against the side of the boat .4. What happened if a fisherman forgot something when starting on a trip?5. If a fisherman met a woman on the way to his boat, __.

Americans usually consider themselves a friendly people. Their friendships, however, tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures. It is not uncommon for Americans to have only one close friend during their lifetime, and consider other “friends” to be just social acquaintances. This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people. They tend to “compartmentalize” (划分) friendships, having “friends at work”, “friends on the softball team”, “family friends”, etc.Because the United States is a highly active society, full of movement and change, people always seem to be on the go. In this highly charged atmosphere, Americans can sometimes seem brusque (无礼的) or impatient. They want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else. Sometimes, early on, they will ask you questions that you may feel are very personal. No insult is intended; the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity, and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter. And the same goes for you. If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them, do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves. Americans are usually eager to explain all about their country or anything “American” in which you may be interested. So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening. It doesn’t matter, because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation. They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores, for example, than deal with silence.On the other hand, don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs, unless those subjects directly involve the Unite States. Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.1. The general topic of the passage is .2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?3. The phrase “highly charged” (Paragraph 2) most probably means .4. It can be inferred from the passage that .5. According to the passage, Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world because .

What do you do with your empty cans and bottles? There are two choices, throwing them away or recycling. Throwing away a metal beverage container wastes as much energy as filling a can with gasoline and pouring half out. Besides wasting energy, throwing away bottles and cans causes pollution, increases the volume of solid wastes, and uses up natural resources. To control these problems, only nine states have adopted bottle laws. The United States government should require every state to have a bottle law or constitute (制定) a national bottle law.To understand how a bottle law can help, you must know how it works. When consumers buy canned or bottled beverages at the store, they pay deposits. This deposit can range from twenty to fifty cents per bottled beverages at the store, they pay deposits. This deposit can range from twenty to fifty cents per bottle or can. In order to get this deposit back, the bottles and cans must be returned to supermarkets after they are emptied. The supermarkets then return the bottles and cans to their manufacturers for either reuse or recycling.Bottle laws are currently effective in Oregon, Vermont, Maine, Michigan, Iowa, Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and New York. These laws work largely because the general public supports them. A recent poll (民意测验) of Americans revealed that 73 percent support bottle laws. This support undoubtedly results from people’s concern about pollution and our planet’s limited resources.1. What is the bad thing if one throws away metal cans after drinking?2. Throwing away metal containers people will affect the environment by .3. What does the author suggest in order to solve the problems of cans and bottles?4. Who would pay the deposits for the beverage containers?5. According to the author, a bottle law can work if .

Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m.p.h. (miles per hour) in towns and 4 m.p.h. in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m.p.h. But by 1903 the development of the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m.p.h. By 1930, however, the law was so widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether. For five years motorists were free to drive at whatever speeds they liked. Then in 1935 the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m.p.h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with the introduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing.Speeding is now the most common motoring offence in Britain. Offences for speeding fall into three classes: exceeding the limit on a restricted road, exceeding on any road the limit for the vehicle you are driving, and exceeding the 70 m.p.h. limit on any road. A restricted road is one where the street lamps are 200 yards apart, or more.The main controversy surrounding speeding laws is the extent of their safety value. The Ministry of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents. It claims that when the 30 m.p.h. limit was introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15 percent in fatal accidents. Likewise, when the 40 m.p.h. speed limit was imposed on a number of roads in London in the late fifties, there was a 28 percent reduction in serious accidents. There were also fewer casualties (伤亡) in the year after the 70 m.p.h. motorway limit was imposed in 1966.In America, however, it is thought that the reduced accident figures are due rather to the increase in traffic density. This is why it has even been suggested that the present speed limits should be done away with completely, or that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and the speed limits made advisory, as is done in parts of the USA.

Directions: Nowadays, western holidays are becoming increasingly popular, while Chinese traditional holidays are being somewhat neglected. Analyze the situation and give your opinions on the topic “The Prevalence of Western Holidays”. You should write at least 200 words.In the first part of your writing, you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

People say they’d like to do this or that, but then they offer all the excuses in the world why they can’t do whatever ‘it’ is. No matter what the excuses are, the only thing usually limiting them is their own self-perception.If I’ve learned anything, I’ve learned a person—any person—can do just about anything they set their mind to do. The only thing you need is a willingness to work for what you want, patience to what you need to know, and just a little bit of belief in yourself. The most important of these is belief in yourself, but you only need a seed. Your faith in yourself will grow with you as you move forward.If your self-perception is that you can’t accomplish something because you’re not smart enough, then take the time to what you need to know and your self-perception will change.If your self-perception is that you can’t accomplish something because you never finish anything you start, then go finish something and change your self-perception.If your self-perception is that you’re too lazy, too busy, too unworthy, too unfocused, too depressed, too dependent on others, too anything to accomplish great things, then you’re right. You are that because you believe that, but you can change that!Life is change, and the past doesn't equal the future. Your reality today is the result of your past beliefs and actions. Change your beliefs and actions and you change your future. If you think you can or you can’t, you’re right. You are what you think.Think about that the next time you need an excuse.

据地方统计局消息，由于中国的能源和重工业行业严重衰退，辽宁省一季度经济增速跌至零下，成为7年来首个出现负增长的省份。辽宁省位于中国处境艰难的东北地区。中国一季度全国经济增速达到6.7%，但这掩盖了那些依赖重工业、采矿或石油的省份，与经济较为多样化的华南、华东地区省份之间的巨大差异。目前仍有两个省份未公布一季度国内生产总值（GDP）数据，其中一个就是辽宁省，预计其表现不佳。煤炭和石油价格的低迷对东北地区造成重创。作为东三省最大经济体，辽宁以其制造业和高科技城市大连而自豪，但辽宁也是众多陷入困境的大型钢厂的大本营。

Occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living. The making and selling of drugs have a long history and are closely linked, like medical practice itself, with the belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so has the development of scientific techniques made it possible for some of the causes of symptoms to be understood, so that more accurate diagnosis has become possible. The doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of many illnesses with specific treatment of their causes. In many other illnesses, of which the causes remain unknown, it is still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor is trained to decide when to treat symptoms only and when to attack the cause: this is the essential difference between medical prescribing and self-medication.The advance of technology has brought about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the development of scientific drug therapy. In many countries public health organization is improving and people’s nutritional standards have risen. Parallel with such beneficial trends have two adverse effects. One is the use of high-pressure advertising by the pharmaceutical industry, which has tended to influence both patients and doctors and has led to the overuse of drugs generally. The other is the emergence of the sedentary society with its faulty ways of life: lack of exercise, over-eating, unsuitable eating, insufficient sleep, excessive smoking and drinking. People with disorders arising from faulty habits such as these, as well as from unhappy human relationships, often resort to self-medication and so add the taking of pharmaceuticals to the list. Advertisers go to great lengths to catch this market.Clever advertising, aimed at chronic sufferers who will try anything because doctors have not been able to cure them, can induce such in a preparation, particularly if steeply priced, that it will produce-by suggestion-a very real effect in some people. Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering from mild complaints such as simple colds and coughs, which clear up by themselves within a short time.These are the main reasons why laxatives, indigestion remedies, painkillers, tonics, vitamin and iron tablets and many other preparations are found in quantity in many households. It is doubtful whether taking these things ever improves a person’s health; it may even make it worse. Worse because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients; worse because the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken in excess; worse because they may cause poisoning, and worse of all because symptoms of some serious underlying cause may be masked and therefore medical help may not be sought.1. The first paragraph is intended to .2. Advertisements are aimed at people suffering from mild complaints because .3. Paragraphs 2 and 3 explain .4. The author tells us in paragraph 4 .5. The best title for the passage would be __.

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold S76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable (可行的).”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.1. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap .2. The example of brushing teeth shows that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to .3. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to __.4. How did Carol Berning see creating automatic behaviors among consumers?5. What is the author’s attitude toward the influence of advertising on peoples habits?

An opinion poll was conducted in the early 1990’s to ascertain the cultural attitudes of residents of five countries in Western Europe (Britain, France, Italy, Spain and Germany). One thousand people, forming a representative sample of the adult population, from each of the five participating countries were interviewed. The results of the poll suggest that though there is general agreement that culture can be defined as a distinct part of life, there are clear differences in the views of various European nations.The poll assumed that literature, history, science, the arts, law, economics and so on would be regarded as significant components of culture by all participants, but it set out to examine the areas which they deemed the most important forms of cultural expression. In addition, the poll required interviewees to indicate in a questionnaire the type of education they considered most appropriate for the modern world, the best channels of knowledge and the arts they most valued. The interviewees were also asked which European countries they found most attractive from a cultural point of view.The results of the poll show interesting differences between the participating nations in terms of which components of culture they regard as most important forms of cultural expression. For the French and Italians, literature comes well at the top of the list. In contrast, mathematics is given priority by the British and economics/politics by the Germans. History occupies second place for the French, the Italians and Germans but is given very low priority by the British. For the Spanish these four areas are more or less equal, with mathematics having a slight edge.It seems that members of each country in the survey have a common definition of culture but that definition varies from country to country. The variations tend to support the national stereotypes we have of one another. The French and Italians are literary peoples, the British scientific and the Germans practical and hard-working.Prance has the distinction, according to the results of the poll, of being the country which provokes most interest from its British, Italian and German neighbors. Spanish interviewees indicated more interest in Italy than in France. The French also placed Italy first. Italy occupies second place for both the British and the Germans. It would seem, then, that the “literary” nations of France and Italy are more culturally exciting than the scientific British or the practical Germans! The view of education in the five countries is particularly illuminating in view of the high cultural priority given to literature by both Italy and France because there is general agreement among the majority of the 5,000 interviewees that schooling should provide scientific and technical education rather than attempt to inculcate literary and artistic culture.The residents of the five countries of the survey share the view that books are the best way of broadening knowledge. The French, Germans, and Italians identify radio and television as the second best means of improving knowledge but for the British and Spanish travel is in second place and conversation and discussion in third place. The poll confirms that, though there are broad similarities among the nations surveyed, the British, French, Italians, Spanish and Germans do not share identical cultural preferences and classifications. There are, it would seem, specific national characteristics.1. What is the passage mainly about?2. Which of the following is NOT included in the questions directed to the interviewees?3. Which of the following statements about “the most important forms of cultural expression” is NOT correct?4. Which country are British, Italian, Spanish and German interviewees most interested in?5. Which of the following is regarded as the best way of broadening knowledge by most people in this interview?

Every year 100 million holiday-makers are drawn to the Mediterranean. With one third of the world’s tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday destinations; it is also the most polluted. It has only 1 per cent of the world’s sea surface, but carries more than half the oil and tar floating on the waters. Thousands of factories pour their poison into the Mediterranean, and almost every city, town and village on the coast sends its sewage, untreated, into the sea.The result is that the Mediterranean, which nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill—the first of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it. And the pollution does not merely keep back life of the sea—it threatens the people who inhabit and visit its shores.The mournful form of disease is caused by sewage. Eighty five per cent of the waste from the Mediterranean’s 120 coastal cities is pushed out in to the waters where their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight off the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offshore.Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesn’t take long for these to reach people, Professor Wiliam Brumfitt of the Royal Free Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate; but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk. Industry adds its own poisons. Factories cluster round the coastline, and even the most rarely has proper waste treatment plant. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage.But the good news is that the countries of the Mediterranean have been coming together to work out how to save their common sea.1. The causes of the Mediterranean’s pollution is .2. Which of following consequence of polluted sea is not true according to the passage?3. The word “sewage” refers to .4. Why does industry do much damage to the sea?5. What is the passage mainly about?

You’d rather go to theater with him this evening, ______?

Such ______ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.

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