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The success of modern agricultural and forestry production can largely be attributed to monoculture systems using a few select species and heavy chemical inputs. This drive for maximizing yield and profit has caused serious environmental problems such as land and water degradation and increased land-clearing. Modern agriculture is thus threatening its own foundations: land, water, forests, and biodiversity. During the past thirty years, however, the positive benefits of integrated land-use systems to the producer and the environment have gradually been recognized. Combining trees and crops in spatial or temporal arrangements has shown to improve food and nutritional security and mitigate environmental degradation, offering a sustainable alternative to monoculture production.

Ripening is a developmental process unique to plants, and biochemical and molecular basis of this process are not fully understood. Three key areas under investigation including elucidating the role of ethylene in fruit ripening. Identifying major regulatory components involved in the ripening of all fleshy fruits, and modifying fruit quality, especially with respect to nutrition and health.

Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the following topic. You should write at least 150 words on the Answer Sheet and you should base your composition on the outline below:How Will Our Life Go on without Internet?1.网络提供给了人们丰富多彩和便捷的生活；2.很多人开始感觉离开网络寸步难行；3.你对网络依赖症的看法。

A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声) , and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.Let’s look at this _1_in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, _2_ distinguishes man from the rest of the _3_ world.Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by _4_ of cries: for example, many birds utter _5_ calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter _6_ cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. _7_ these various means of communication differ in important ways _8_ human language. For instance, animals’ cries do not _9_ thoughts and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that _10_ us to divide a human utterance into _11_ .We can change an utterance by _12_ one word in it with _13_: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., “tanks approaching from the north”, _14_ who can change one word and say “aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, _15_ means “Danger!” This is why the number of _16_ that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case _17_ point; it has about twenty different calls, _18_ in human language the number of possible utterances is _19_. It also explains why animal cries are very _20_ in meaning.

In previous generations, young people were under their parents’ control; now the teenage children of the West’s richest generation were ready for something to get excited about. The Beatles simply put a spark to a fuse that was waiting to be lit.Everything changed, and what changed for the Beatles was their lives and their working habits, in the midst of the hysterical (歇斯底里的) following the band attracted. Because of the demand of the fans to see them perform, they played bigger and bigger venues (meeting places), especially in America.But John, Paul, George and Ringo became increasingly unhappy that, because of the screaming of their fans, neither the band nor the audience could hear the music. Creatively frustrated and tired of the pressures of life under siege from their fans, they retired from playing concerts in 1966 and decided to concentrate on recording.It was from this point that the brilliance of the Beatles really began to reveal itself: they would record over their career some 200 songs. Never before nor since has any recording and writing group even developed and yet remained the same in the way the Beatles did. Their songs never lost their universal appeal thanks to the warmth and timelessness of their melodies and lyrics.John and Paul were powerful singers with distinctive styles. It became apparent that, despite the fact that the song-writing credits were always equally attributed to them, Paul and John wrote and sang their own songs. George also contributed two or three of his own compositions to each of the Beatles’ eleven albums. Even Ringo wrote and sang the occasional song.1. Which of the following is NOT true about the Beatles according to the passage?2. It can be inferred from the passage that .3. It is implied in the third paragraph that .4. The Beatles’ outstanding qualities were really shown when __.5. What can we learn about the Beatles’ music?

People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1993, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been built. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.Erosion of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go further along the coast, shifting the problem from one area to another. The danger is likely to continue, they say, until the waves reach an inland area of hard rock which will not be eaten as limestone is. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.1. What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face?2. The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England .3. The experts’ study on the problem of erosion can .4. It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because .5. According to the author, when buying a house along the south coast of England, people should .

If an animal is moved from its home in the tropics to cold climate, it will die if it is not kept warm. And animals accustomed to cold climates will die if they are moved to the tropics. Many plants, too, will die if they are removed from the place where they normally grow and are transplanted into an unfamiliar soil. Almost every species is adapted to life in a particular place by its organs and their functions and by its permanent habits. The specialized adaptation has great advantages. For it enables many organisms to survive under different conditions. It also has disadvantages, for it means that the life of most species is controlled by local conditions.Living things are not scattered over the earth at random; most species have definite habits for living places. Ecology is the study of how organisms live in their environment. This means finding out how an organism survives and reproduces in certain surroundings. By environment we mean not only the soil and the climate but the living things of the same species and other species, plant or animal.Most living things are slaves to their environment. Some can alter certain features of their environment to suit themselves; a beaver(海狸), for example, can make ponds by building dams; many birds and insects can build elaborate nests to provide shelter for their young. But these skills are restricted and highly specialized. Most organisms must adapt their bodies to fit in with their surroundings, and since they can adapt only for particular surroundings, they are found only in places where they can live successfully with the least effort.Plants find these favorable places by trial and errors. The wind carries their seeds and spores (芽胞) great distances. If the seeds land in a favorable environment they grow and reproduce. If they are deposited in an unfavorable environment they die. Animals, on the other hand, search until they find a favorable environment.1. The main idea of this passage can be summarized as: .2. What is meant by adaptation?3. Living things can adapt themselves to their surroundings mainly through .4. Animals are different from plants mainly in that .5. Implied but not stated: .

Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with some questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on the Answer Sheet.Motorways are, no doubt, the safest roads in the country. Mile for mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much less likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On the other hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to occur than in a comparable accident elsewhere on the roads.Motorways have no sharp bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and thus speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is still in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mph limit applying in built-up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like travelling in convoys with perhaps barely ten metres between each two vehicles. The resulting horrific pileups (involving maybe a hundred vehicles) when one vehicle stops for some reason—mechanical failure, driver error and so on—have become all too familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How many of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop from 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete immunity from the caprices(反复无常)of the weather. However wet the road is, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they plough at ludicrous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions until their journey comes to a premature conclusion.Perhaps one remedy for this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are barred from motorways and are thus, as far as this kind of driving is concerned, thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policy is required, for it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own folly.

Organic farming is basically a holistic management system which promotes and improves the health of agro-ecosystem related to biodiversity, nutrient biocycles, soil microbial and bio-chemical activities. It emphasizes management practices involving substantial use of organic manures, green manuring and management of pests and diseases through the use of non-synthetic pesticides and practices. Thus, organic farming prohibits the use of harmful chemicals and promotes the use of renewable organic resources to maintain the soil productivity and to control the crop diseases and pests.

Several hundred thousand tons of dangerous, useless pesticides currently plague several countries around the globe, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. No one wants to pay good money to burn old chemicals. They would much rather give development aid to build hospitals, roads and schools and fund other sustainable development options. What they overlook is that as long as the toxic legacy of obsolete pesticides remains, sustainable development is effectively impossible because water, soil and air continue to be poisoned.

The DNA in each chromosome constitutes many genes (as well as vast stretches of noncoding DNA, the function of which is unknown). A gene is any given segment along the DNA that encodes instructions that allow a cell to produce a specific product—typically, a protein such as an enzyme —that initiates one specific action. There are between 50,000 and 100,000 genes in Human cells, and every gene is made up of thousands, even hundreds of thousands, of chemical bases.

Even the most conservative estimates of resources in the seabed stagger the imagination. In the millions of miles of ocean that touch a hundred nations live four out five living things on earth. In the seabed, minerals and oil have been proved to exist in lavish supply. The ocean are a source of pure water and food protein; of drugs and building materials, they are even possibly a habitat for man himself and a key to survival for the doubling population on the land.

Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the following topic. You should base your composition on the outline below given in Chinese and you should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.A Successful Career Contributes to Happiness1.人们通过各种途径寻求幸福；2.成功的事业能够带来幸福感；3.事业成功需要付出巨大努力。

Directions: In this section there is a passage followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Go through the passage to answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on the ANSWER SHEET.For many women choosing whether to work or not to work outside their home is a luxury; they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.Perhaps the easiest choice has to do with economics. One husband said, “Marge and I decided after careful consideration that for her to go back to work at this moment was an extravagance we couldn’t afford.” With two preschool children, it soon became clear in their figuring that with babysitters, transportation, and increased taxes, rather than having more money, they might actually end up with less.Economic factors are usually the first to be considered, but they are not the most important. The most important aspects of the decision have to do with the emotional needs of each member of the family. It is in this area that husbands and wives find themselves having to face many confusing and conflicting feelings.There are many women who find that homemaking is boring or who feel imprisoned if they have to stay home with a young child or several children. On the other hand, there are women who think that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.For my own experience, I would like to suggest that sometimes the decision to go back to work is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now regret more. I wasn’t mature enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl’s eyes.

There is no question that the old style of air pollution could kill people. In one week following the infamous “peasouper” fog in December 1952, 4,700 people died in London. Most of these people were elderly and already had heart or lung diseases. A series of these killer fogs eventually led to the British passing the Clean Air Act which restricted the burning of coal.Fortunately the effects of smog on the lungs is not so dramatic. Scientists have now conducted a number of laboratory experiments in which volunteers are exposed to ozone inside steel chamber for a few hours. Even at quite low concentration there is a reversible fall in lung function, an increase in the irritability of the lungs and evidence of airway inflammation. Although irritable and inflamed lungs are particularly seen in people with asthma and other diseases, these effects of ozone also occur in healthy subjects. Similar changes are also seen after exposure to nitrogen dioxide, although there is some disagreement about the concentration at which they occur.Other studies have found that people living in areas with high levels of pollution have more symptoms and worse lung function than those living in areas with clear air. Groups of children attending school camps show falls in lung function even at quite low concentrations of ozone. There is also a relationship between ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma, both in North America and Australia. It is suspected that long-term exposure to smog may result in chronic bronchitis and emphysema but this has yet to be proven.Recently an association has been found between the levels of particles in the air and death rate in North America cities. The reason for his association is not understood and as yet there is no evidence this occurs in Australia. However, we do know that hazy days are associated with some asthma attacks in children.1. Which of the following is NOT the result of laboratory experiments?2. Irritable and inflamed lungs are also seen in people with .3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of lung diseases?4. The relationship between exposure to has not yet been determined.5. The association between __ has not yet found in Australia.

War may be a natural expression of biological instinct and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality(守卫地盘的天性)are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a large system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgement and punishment upon the person who committed offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.The other side of a state apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interest of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individual within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle dispute between states; it is the moment when the state makes most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitment.1. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that .2. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is .3. What does the author mean by saying “...legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused.”(Line5-6, para.2)?4. The word “allegiance” (Line5, para.3) is closest in meaning to __.5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

German Chancellor (首相) Otto Von Bismarck may be most famous for his military and diplomatic talent, but his legacy (遗产) includes many of today’s social insurance programs. During the middle of the 19th century, Germany, along with other European nations, experienced an unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization. Motivated in part by Christian compassion (怜悯) for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the world's first worker’s compensation law in 1884.By 1908, the United States was the only industrial nation in the world that lacked workers’ compensation insurance. America’s injured workers could sue for damages in a court of law, but they still faced a number of tough legal barriers. For example, employees had to prove that their injuries directly resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant about potential hazards in the workplace. The first state worker’s compensation law in this country passed in 1911, and the program soon spread throughout the nation.After World War II, benefit payments to American workers did not keep up with the cost of living. In fact, real benefit levels were lower in the 1970s than they were in the 1940s, and in most states the maximum benefit was below the poverty level for a family of four. In 1970, President Richard Nixon set up a national commission to study the problems of workers’ compensation. Two years later, the commission issued 19 key recommendations, including one that called for increasing compensation benefit levels to 100 percent of the states’ average weekly wages.In fact, the average compensation benefit in America has climbed from 55 percent of the states’ average weekly wages in 1972 to 97 percent today. But, as most studies show, every 10 percent increase in compensation benefits results in a 5 percent increase in the numbers of workers who file for claims. And with so much more money floating in the workers’ compensation system, it’s not surprising that doctors, and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growing pie.1. The world’s first workers’ compensation law was introduced by Bismarck .2. We learn from the passage that the process of industrialization in Europe .3. One of the problems the American injured workers faced in getting compensation in the early 19th century was that .4. After 1972, workers’ compensation insurance in the U. S. became more favorable to workers so that .5. The author ends the passage with the implication that __.

Future generations are likely to ______ the way current societies are allowing so much of their heritage to be destroyed without record.

It is an offence to ______ the police in their efforts to search for evidence of a drug offence.

Jesus, it was awful, and the worst thing about it was, when we arrived the baby was still warm, so we tried to ______ it with mouth to mouth.

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