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An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War. Crude oil, or petroleum ——a dark, thick ooze (渗出物)from the earth --- had been known for hundreds of years. But little use had ever been made of it. In the 1850's Samuel M.Kier, a manufacture in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepage and refining it into kerosene. Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E. L. Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania, The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it ’’Drake’s Folly”. But when he had drilled down about 70 feet (21 meters) Drake struck oil. His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.News of Drake's success brought oil prospectors to the scene. By the early 1860's these wildcatters were drilling for "black gold” all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door. In the 1880's and 189(Ts refiners learned how to make other products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.1. According to the passage, many people initially thought that E. L. Drake had made a mistake （）2.According to the passage, what is "black gold"?3.Why does the author mention the California gold rush?4.The author mentions all of the following as possible products of crude oil EXCEPT（） .5. What might be the best title for the passage?

Every profession or trade, every art, and every art science has its technical vocabulary.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all profession once were, a close guild （行会）.The lawers, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associated freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called ’’popular science" makes everybody acquainted with modem views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.1.Special words used in technical discussion （）.2. It is true that （）3.In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the terminology of（） .4.The writer of the article was undoubtedly（） .5.The author's main purpose in the passage is to（） .

What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course,on the meaning of "future If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G Wells on wards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world’s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this centur3t is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backwards areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard "housing1' of flattened petrol cans and ditty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.1.What is the author’s opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph?2.The writer believes that in the distant future （）.3.The writer believes that the biggest problems likely to confront the world before the end of the century（） .4.When the writer says that the worst situation will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts（）.5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?

In the last 12 years total employment in the United States grew faster than at any time in the peacetime history of any country-from 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985-that is, by a full one third. The entire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially no-blue-collar jobs.This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is, indeed, even more pronounced in Japan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the United States and Japan will employ no larger a proportion of the harbor force in manufacturing than devolved countries now employ in farming-at most, 10 percent. Today the United States employs around 18 million people in blue-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010, the number is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be even sharper.It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry will employ more one-third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even though production might be 50 percent higher.If a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same sharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hope to remain competitive or even to remain "developed”. The attempt to preserve such blue-collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment.This is not a conclusion that American politicians, labor leaders or indeed the general public can easily understand or accept. What confuses the issue even more it that the United States is experiencing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor. When Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man-hours required to produce a motor by some 80 percent in two or three years---far more than anyone expects to result from even the most complete prioritization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new, sharp acceleration in the replacement of manual workers by machines—that is, by the products of knowledge.1.According to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor force demonstrates（）.2.According to the author, in coming 25 years, a developed country or industry, in order to remain competitive, ought to（） .3.American politicians and labor leaders tend to dislike（） .4.The word "prescription" in ’’a prescription for unemployment" may be the equivalent to（）.5.This passage may have been excepted from （）.

Investigators of monkeys' social behavior have always been struck by monkeys' aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and in general, any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intra-group aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction.Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control inter-animal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression, whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（） .2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior?3.According to the author, studies such as Southwick’s had which of the following effects on investigators theories about monkeys' social behavior?4.The passage suggests that investigators of monkeys' social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because （）.5.It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to（） .6.The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions?

A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830's through the early 1890's. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880's, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880's were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packinghouse workers' effects were part of the national movement for labor reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packinghouses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packinghouses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked.The history may be too optimistic because most of its data date from the 1880's at the latest, and the information provided from that decade is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880's, and continued to decline after the 1880's, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry’s workers from the 1880's on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched.The author’s misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history's faulty generalizations. The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, fess the products of the industrial world of the packers-the giant yards and the intricate plants---than of the unity and vibrancy of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable communit3r on Chicago’s South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.1.The passage is primarily concerned with discussing（） .2.The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT（） .3.The author of the passage mentions the "social movement" (underlined, generated by Chicago's South Side community primarily in order to（）.4.According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880's were influenced by（）.5.The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to （）6.The tone of the author of the passage in discussing the meat-packer community on Chicago's South Side can best be described as one of （）.7.The information in the passage suggests that the author of the history discussed in the passage made which of the following errors?

Much of the research on hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD has focused on the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chemical that when released from a prescription serotonin-secreting neuron causes the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse to an adjacent post-synaptic, or target neuron. There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels.Early investigators correctly reasoned that the structural similarity to the serotonin molecule might imply that LSD’s effects are brought about by an action on the neurotransmission of serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, the level of technical expertise in the field of brain research was such that this hypothesis had to be tested on peripheral tissue (tissue outside the brain). Two different groups of scientists reported that LSD powerfully blockaded serotonin’s action. Their conclusions were quickly challenged, however. We now know that the action of a drug at one side in the body does not necessarily correspond to the drug action at another side, especially when one site is in the brain and the other is not.By the 1960's, technical advances permitted the direct testing of the hypothesis that LSD and related hallucinogens act by directly suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons themselves-the so-called prescription hypothesis. Researchers reasoned that if the hallucinogenic drugs act by suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons, then drugs administered after these neurons had been destroyed should have no effect on behavior, because the system would already be maximally suppressed.Contrary to their expectations, neuron destruction enhanced the effect of LSD and related hallucinogens on behavior. Thus, hallucinogenic drugs apparently do not act directly on serotonin-secreting neurons.However, these and other available date do support an alternative hypothesis, that LSD and related drugs act directly at receptor sites on serotonin target neurons (the post-synaptic hypothesis). The fact that LSD elicits" serotonin syndrome-that is causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the admission of serotonin-in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through the release of stores of serotonin. The enhanced effect of LSD reported after serotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of serotonin receptor sites on serotonin target neurons. This phenomenon often follows neuron destruction or neurotransmitter depletion; the increase in the number of receptor sites appears to be a compensatory response to decreased input. Significantly, this hypothesis is supported by date from a numbers of different laboratories.1.According to the passage, which of the following is one of the primary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on serotonin?2.It can be inferred that researchers abandoned the prescription hypothesis because（）.3.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?4.The research described in the passage is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions?5.Which of the following best defines ’'serotonin syndrome" （underlined, as the term is used in the passage?6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the argument that the author of the passage presents in the last two paragraphs?7.The author's attitude toward early researchers’ reasoning concerning the implication of similarities in the structures of serotonin and LSD molecules can best be described as one of（）

当你站在一件艺术品面前时，技术便会帮你找到有关这一艺术品某一方面的更多信息。比如在鉴定艺术品的年代和出处方面，技术将具有极大价值。我们可以运用越来越客观的标准来鉴定纸张、颜料、化学品等的年代，这样将会有令人震惊的事情发生，例如突然发现一件伟大作品竟然是赝品。当然，艺术品市场自身将继续随着供求关系而浮动，但是在英国，我希望博物馆和美术馆有朝一日能得到政府政策上的帮助，政府放松纳税规定，更多地鼓励私人收藏家把藏品捐献给公共机构。

我们的大多数感觉都是被动式的。以听觉和视觉为例，我们只是简单地接受和分析声音或光线。然而，触觉则有所不同：我们用双手主动地去探索和改变现实，因此我们在采集信息时的活动同样也可以改变世界…例如用一块粘土塑模或按动某个按钮。在提供人与人之间的直接接触中，触觉传递情感冲击；在提供人与世界的直接接触中，触觉成为现实的确切标志，正如：“掐我一下----我是在做梦吗？”

The fact that our computer network is so advanced will also soon give us the opportunity to share our teaching expertise with local companies and even other universities; a dedicated center for distance learning is already under discussion. We will increasingly use internet-based computer courses, to enhance our own teaching and also to reach students outside the university. That doesn’t mean computer terminals will displace people; students are always going to need advice and high - quality tuition on the spot. But it does mean we can refine our teaching courses over time and make them available in the manner of textbooks. In addition, with in the university itself, access is going to remain our key priority.

One of the dilemmas of this decade has been whether to approach modem education in terms of the generalist or the specialist. Some universities require all students to take a common core of courses from a broad range of disciplines, appealing to the generalist approach to education. Yet, choosing the core courses in light of today’s explosion in information and diverse multicultural student populations has not been an easy task. How does one select what it is that everyone should know? Other universities continue to tailor their courses to the more immediate professional needs of their students, appealing to the specialist approach to education. But without a core curriculum, students often lack the shared knowledge necessary to participate effectively in an integrated society.

The English language does not stand still any more than our other institutions. All language changes over a period of time, for reasons which are imperfectly understood. Or rather, since speech is really a form of human activity, like dancing or playing the piano - and not an entity in itself -it is more exact to say that each successive generation behaves linguistically in a lightly different manner from its predecessors. In his teens the young man is impatient of what he considers to be the unduly formal and unnatural vocabulary and pronunciation of his elders and he likes to show how up to date he is by the use of the latest slang, but as the years go by, some of his slang becomes standard usage and in any case he slowly grows less receptive to linguistic novelties.

The irrational fears people express today about cloning parallel those surrounding robotics half a century ago. So I would like to propose Three Law of Cloning that also clarify three misunderstandings: 1. A human clone is a human being no less unique in his or her personhood than an identical twin. 2. A human clone has all the rights and privileges that accompany this legal and moral status. 3. A human clone is to be accorded the dignity and respect due any member of your species. Although such simplifications risk erasing the rich differences found in ethical debates over pioneering research, they do aid in reducing ridiculous fears often associated with such advances.

In 1923 the innovative Russian filmmaker Dziga Vertov described filmmaking as a process that leads viewers toward a “fresh perception of the world.” Vertov’s description of filmmaking should apply to films on the subject of art. Yet films on art have not had a powerful and pervasive effect on the way we see.Publications on art flourish, but these books and articles do not necessarily succeed in teaching us to see more deeply or more clearly. Much writing in art history advances the discourse in the field but is unlikely to inform the eye of one unfamiliar with its polemics. Films, however, with their capacity to present material visually and to reach a broader audience, have the potential to enhance visual literacy (the ability to identify the details that characterize a particular style) more effectively than publications can. Unfortunately, few of the hundred or so films on art that are made each year in the United States are broadcast nationally on prime-time television.The fact that films on art are rarely seen on prime-time television may be due not only to limitations on distribution but also to the shortcomings of many such films. Some of these shortcomings can be attributed to the failure of art historians and filmmakers to collaborate closely enough when making films on art. These professionals are able, within their respective disciplines, to increase our awareness of visual forms. For close collaboration to occur, professionals in each discipline need to recognize that films on art can be both educational and entertaining, but this will require compromise on both sides. A filmmaker who is creating a film about the work of an artist should not follow the standards set by rock videos and advertising. Filmmakers need to resist the impulse to move the camera quickly from detail to detail for fear of boring the viewer, to frame the image for the sake of drama alone, to ad music for fear of silence. Filmmakers are aware that an art object demands concentration and, at the same time, are concerned that it may not be compelling enough-and so they hope to provide relief by interposing “real” scenes that bear only a tangential relationship to the subject. But a work of art needs to be explored on its own terms. On the other hand, art historians need to trust that one can indicate and analyze, not solely with words, but also by directing the viewer’s gaze. The specialized written language of art history needs to be relinquished or at least tempered for the screen. Only an effective collaboration between filmmakers and art historians can create films that will enhance viewers’ perceptions of art.1. The passage suggests that a filmmaker desiring to enhance viewers’ perceptions of art should do which of the following?2.The author of the passage refers to Vertov in the first paragraph most probably in order to3.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?4.The passage is primarily concerned with（） .5.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about film and visual literacy?6. According to the passage, art historians desiring to work with filmmakers to enhance the public’s appreciation of art need to acknowledge which of the following?7.Which of the following would describe the author’s most likely reaction to a claim that films on art would more successfully promote visual literacy if they followed the standards set for rock videos?

About a century age, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. However recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can *tunnel' through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remains constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise ever the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over me barrier between the two wells Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature(删除)the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin Cosmic rays (high-energy pro-tons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar form-aldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（）.2.According to the passage classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the following ways?3.According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the passage, which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true?4.The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-history of life can best be described as（）.5.The author’s hypothesis concerning be cold prehistory of life would be most weakened if which of the following were true?6.Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the passage?7.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage?

Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of theindustrial worker in the England of the 1840’s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, to convey the experience of everyday life in working-class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotated reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons’ living room, and a transcription(again annotated of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver.” The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect. As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons’ house, and of John Barton and his friend’s discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D.H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Barton, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.The chapter “Old Alice’s History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account of Job Legh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters - about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields; about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see; about Job Lgh, intent on his impaled insects - capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers.1.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Gaskell’s use of the method of documentary record in Mary Barton?According to the passage, Mary Barton and the early novels of D.H Lawrence share which of the following?2. Which of the following is most closely analogous to Job Legh in Mary Barton, as that character is described in the passage?3.It can be inferred from examples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of indusfrialism” (lines 33-34) for many 4.members of the English working class in the nineteenth century?5.It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Barton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell had（） .6.Which of the following phrases could best be substituted for the phrase ‘"this aspect of Mary Barton" in line 20-21 without changing the meaning of the passage as a whole?7.The author of the passage describes Mary Barton as each of the following EXCEPT

The term “remote sensing” refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretationof phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960’s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the Earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from the multispectral scanner (MSS) aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small area, the continuity of regional features that have intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specifically for geologic purposes; but to be most effective, remote-sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys and laboratory tests, the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.1.By using the word “interpretative” in line32. The author is indicating which of the following?2.With which of the following statements about geologic mapping would the author be most likely to agree?3.According to the passage, measurements of which of the following can be provided by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible-light photography?4. It can be inferred from the passage that a major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography .5. It can be inferred from the passage that Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that Landsat images .6.The passage provides information about each of the following topics EXCEPT （）.7.The passage suggests which of the following about the “conventional methods” mentioned in line 24?

Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form andfunction, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers-using non-scientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them. The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking,” nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.It courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with （）2.It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are（） 3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of the first passage?4.Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the passage?5.The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record “paradoxical”(lines 22) most probably because（）6.According to the passage random failures in automatic control systems are “not merely trivial aberrations”(lines 32) because（）7.The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars primarily to（）

Though English was on the whole prosperous and hopeful, though comparison with her neighbors she enjoyed internal peace, she could not evade the fact that the world of which she formed a part was tom by hatred and strife as fierce as any in human history. Men were still far from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion different from their own, and hence necessarily false, must inevitably destroy such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell. So the struggle went on with increasing fury within each nation to impose a single creed upon every subject, and within the general society of Christendom to impose it upon every nation. In England the Reformers, or Protestants, aided by the power of the Crown, had at this stage triumphed, but over Europe as a whole Rome was beginning to recover some of the ground it had lost after Martin Luther’s revolt in the earlier part of the century. It did this in two ways, by the activities of its missionaries, as in parts of Germany, or by the military might of the Catholic Powers, as in the Low Countries, where the Dutch provinces were sometimes near their last extremity under the pressure of Spanish arms. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and divided: and so, in the 1570’s Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a thousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries.These were young Englishmen who had either never given up the old faith, or having done so, had returned to it and felt called to become priests. There being, of course, no Catholic seminaries left in England, they went abroad, at first quite easily, later with difficulty and danger, to study in the English colleges at Douai or Rome: the former established for the training of ordinary or secular clergy, the other for the member the Society of Jesus, commonly known as Jesuits, a new Order established by St. Ignatius Loyola some thirty years before. The seculars came first; they achieved a success, which even the most eager could hardly have expected. Cool-minded and well-informed men, like Cecil, had long surmised that the conversion of the English people to Protestantism was far from complete; many-Cecil thought even the majority-had conformed out of fear, self-interest or-possibly the commonest reason of all -sheer bewilderment at the rapid changes in doctrine and forms of worship imposed on them in so short a time. Thus it happened that the missionaries found a welcome, not only with the families who had secretly offered them hospitality if they came, but with many others whom their first hosts invited to meet them or passed them on to. They would and at the ports in disguise, as merchants, courtiers or what not, professing some plausible business in the country, and make by devious ways for their first house of refuge. There they would administer the Sacraments and preach to the households and to such of the neighbors as their hosts trusted and presently go on to some other locality to which they were directed for from which they received a call.1.The main idea of this passage is （）.2.The religious strife mentioned in the passage is between（） .3.What was Martin Luther's religion?4.Through what way did the Rome recover some of the lost land?5.What did the second paragraph mainly describe?

现在的这十年中，有个一直使人感到进退维谷的问题就是：现代教育究竟应是通才教育还是专才教育。一些大学要求所有学生都学习跨越广泛领域的共核课程，采取的是通才教育的方法。但有鉴于当今信息爆炸和学生的多文化性，继续调整他们的课程，以满足学生更为急迫的职业需求，采取的是专才教育的方法。而由于没有设置共核课程，学生往往缺乏有效参与到一体化社会中所必需的共享知识。

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