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There he was America’s first President with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporate Wallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief executives. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives “breaching trust and abusing power.” It was time for “a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community”. He was going to “end the days of cooking the books, shading the truth and breaking our laws”.Only months ago, the idea that George Bush would publicly lambaste America’s cooperate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, born on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on American’s love affair with corporate success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery, Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of America’s most high-flying firms---including Enron, Xerox. Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com---has radically changed the public mood.As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heat on Mr. Bush. Is the businessman’s president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not, Mr. Bush thinks the current crisis stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence he focuses on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a financial-crimes SWAT team, at the Justice Department to root out corporate fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders’ rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill. There are few signs yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bush’s approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong.The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the Clamor for change will be quieter. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be watered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?2.We can infer from the third paragraph that Mr. Bush3.Which of the following statements about Mr. Bush is mentioned in this passage?4.The author's attitude towards the reform is （）.5.The phrase “a great opportunity" in the last paragraph refers to an opportunity to

When I was a little girl, loved for my mom to tell me stories about herself. No matter how tired she was, she never adumbrated them. She would fill them with minutest details, and they were always fascinating. My favorite story was the one about how my mom met my dad: “I was 17-years-old, but I already knew the kind of man I would marry. He would not be too garrulous. I tell you, Rosa, it’s important for a man to take time to listen to what you have to say, and never impertinent. Politeness is a good trait.”“Well, I’m supposed to be telling you about the day I met your daddy, right? Okay, so I was riding the Amtrak train between Providence and Philadelphia during my freshman year at Brown, and the door at the end of my car rattled open. He was tall and swarthy. He wore a thick ivory cable knit sweater with a gray wool scarf wrapped firmly around his neck. I couldn’t tell what his heritage was and that intrigued me. What was he---Indian, Portuguese, Peruvian?” Mom would pause here and I would shout “Cape Verdean!” She’d continue. “Well, if I had been shy I might have just looked out the train window. But then where would I be now? You wouldn’t even be here! So I let my eyes lock with his as he wobbled down the moving train.”“He smiled a slight smile, not a big one. His eyes raised just enough to let me know he had sported me too.” I always loved this line and would smile at the image of my dad stumbling down the train and then noticing my radiant mom. “So Rosa, once we spotted each other, your dad found infinite reasons to walk past me to go to the cafe car. I was sitting by myself along the aisle. So finally, I just slid over to the window, leaving the seat next to me empty. Your dad came back with two cups of hot cocoa and sat down with a smile. And we had the most delightful conversation!”“I could tell right then that this was no ephemeral crush---this was the real deal. I was going to end up loving this man forever.” Here comes the part I loved best about the story. “We pull into the train station in Philadelphia, and it’s time for me to get off. He was heading on to Washington where he was going to school. I prepared myself for some hackneyed expression as I got off the train. You know, great meeting you, or you’re the apple of my eye. I also worried he might try to sneak a smooch. Which would have been a big turn off. We’d just met! Instead, he took my hand gently and gave it a little squeeze. He said, 4If it’s the thought that counts, consider yourself kissed.”Mama said she just about died when he said that! Then she said to herself, “That man will be my husband.” And so he is.1.As used in this passage, which is the best antonym for “adumbrated” (Para.1)?2.Why might the author have chosen Rosa as the narrator even though it is her mother who is telling the main story?3.What is implied in the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? (“Well. If I had been shy, ...the moving train.’’)4.Which is the best antonym for “hackneyed” (Para. 4)?5.What may Rosa’s mom be meaning to convey to her child by telling this stoiy?

与群众不同，知识分子喜欢推理，对事实感兴趣。他们思想上批判的习性，使他们成为那种很能蛊惑大多数人的宣传的抵制者。知识分子是那种重证据，厌恶不合乎逻辑和谬论的人。他们把过于简单化看作是思想上犯错误的根源，他们不喜欢口号、绝对肯定和总的概括，而这些恰恰是宣传家惯用的手法。在这个人口加速过度增长，组织加速过度膨胀，以及出现了更为有效的广泛宣传工具的时代里，我们如何能保存个性的完整，又如何能再坚持个人的价值呢？这是一个至今可提出并可能得到较好的回答的问题。再过一代，寻找答案可能为时已晚，而在那个未来的令人窒息的集体风气中，可能压根就想不起提出这样的问题了。

在20世纪50年代早期到60年代中期，营养学历史的第三个时期种，维生素疗法开始变得声名狼藉。随之而来的是在医科学校中营养学教育也变得不那么热门了。就在这种情况发生的十年前，许多医药公司发现他们的维生素销量猛增，并迅速把大量维生素样品和宣传材料提供给开业医师，这些材料大肆喧扬补充各种与健康相关状况的维生素的好处。对维生素在疾病控制方面成功的期望被夸大了。正如在回顾这种状况时大家都知道的，维生素和矿物疗法在用于治疗严重的健康状况时比治疗长期因营养不良而导致的慢性健康问题时效果要小的多。

Contemporary public expenditure management (PEM) is interested in the process of budgeting primarily because procedural rules strongly influence expenditure outcomes. PEM takes the position that these rules affect three important outcomes: the total amount spent, the composition of expenditure, and the efficiency of government operations. PEM seeks procedures that increase the probability of achieving preferred outcomes. The key aspects of budgeting affecting expenditure outcomes are institutional arrangements, the types of information available for making and enforcing expenditure decisions, the incentives provided for spenders and controllers to behave in ways that promote desired outcomes, the issuance and implementation of substantive budge rules. These elements of PEM are applied to the three basic objectives of modem public expenditure management: to strengthen aggregate fiscal discipline, to allocate public resources in accord with strategic priorities, and to promote the efficient provision of services.Fiscal discipline requires effective control of budget aggregates: total revenue and spending and the balance between these totals. When aggregate control is effective, these outcomes are disciplined; they result from explicit, enforced decisions on the aggregates by government. They are not merely the sum of powerful demands on the budget. PEM also seeks allocative efficiency. Allocative efficiency depends on the capacity to shift resources from old programs to new ones and from less to more productive uses, in correspondence with changing public policy objectives. Finally, PEM seeks efficiency in administrative operations, the progressive reduction, through productivity gains, in the running cost of government agencies and in the unit cost of services.

Modem science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of science and technology. Of course there are and there will be many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later.Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular the development of electronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount of manpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendous advances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin? Mainly through the power of science, the power of technology. Therefore, we maintain that the development of modem science and technology has linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productive forces, science and technology are coming to play an even greater role than ever before.

International marketing is not a luxury to be considered as a bonus on top of every company seeking to sustain its own economic future. It therefore requires commitment and an equal share of the allocation of resources that would normally be committed to the domestic market. Certainly, it lacks definition and a body of knowledge sufficient to excite, but it is because companies do not recognize the importance and need for international marketing that there is this lack of suitable positions for those students of international marketing. Not all countries, however, hold international marketing in the same low esteem. While this may be true of the United Kingdom and North America, it is not true of Japan where industry and commerce have maintained traditionally strong ties with its universities Coincidentally, Japan has been forging ahead in international markets even in those countries in which it is not a traditional supplier.

Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folk tales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident; the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. “Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior: whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modem world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problem of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relation might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys” of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people” were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relation, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop.Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves, but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings. From Ecclesiastes to Freud, it has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically, why should one develop a theory carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.1.According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because （）.2.The author’ statement that “psychology holds a unique position among the sciences” is supported by which of the following claims in the passage?3.According to the passage, an understanding of the self can be（） .4.The author refers to people who are attracted to “pessimistic debunking writings” in order to support which of the following ideas?5.It can be inferred that the author assumes that commonsense knowledge of hum relations is（）

The term "remote sensing" refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth's geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum: the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth's surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing with digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from, the multispectral scanner (MSS) aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional structural and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems especially for geologic purposes; but to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.1.Which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photograph?2.Lands images differ from conventional geologic maps in that the former（） .3.The passage provides information about all of the following topics except （）.4.What does the author mention about “the conventional methods”？5.According to the author（） .

Highly successful scientists depend on special talents, like in arts, music, and so on. Nature produces them very slowly, parsimoniously, and at a constant rate. One has to do more with more with both natural gifts and formal extensive academic training. Their number cannot be increased under command: they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of the community is adequate to provide the basic training they need---which is today the case in several nations over the world including many of the developing countries. The second element is the “collectivity effect” Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect. Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together. This is particularly active at the “interface” between disciplines; for instance, a chemistry idea applied to biology. A mathematical concept applied to physics, and so on. In other words 100 scientists of not too different disciplines operating, so to speak, under the same roof, make much more and faster progress than the same 100 people working separately and in isolation.

The tragic impact of the modem city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetic. The material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets. He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do. a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to Walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion ha9 become the predominant factor in his environment and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value’’.. The value of land results from its use: its income is derived from the service it provides. When its use is intensified, its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use” becomes the principal economic standard in urban grown. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create more of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town: if it is not combined with the remodeling of the town’s transportation system it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections which in rum, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have radically to replan them to achieve a rational density of population. We shall have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room.” One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.The principal unit this process is “I M” (one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will or the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The ‘man-educated" man, the human will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill: take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times（） .2.The highly-developed technology has made man（） .3.The drastic increase of land value in the city（） .4.The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may（） .5.The author suggests that the remodeling of cities must（） .

There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of government units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering and the taking of censuses all of which led to modem descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modem inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum---or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics in formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child, the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purse of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.1.According to the first paragraph, counting and describing are associated with（） .2.Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in the first paragraph?3.Which of the following is not given as an example of a qualitative variable?4.Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?5.According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?

Compared with the immediate practical responsibility of the scientist, the responsibility of the artist must seem puny. The decision which faces him is not, I think one of practical action: of course he will try to throw his weight into the scale, and that weight, if he is a writer or even a painter of genius, may have its effect. For the novelist—in our society the only artist who has a mass audience and at the same time effective economic control of means of addressing—the hope of some decisive influence is a reasonable one. For him, since he takes of all artists what is probable the largest portion of his culture as material, there is no more escape from the necessity for treating the content of his work seriously than there is for the social psychologist he is coming so closely to resemble. The dichotomy which people have tried to establish between artistic proficiency and artistic content is becoming unbearable to almost all sensitive minds. I doubt if it has even been real——we might have admired Shelley as much if he had been indifferent to such things as war and tyranny, though I doubt it , certainly had he been indifferent we should never have been led by him.Albert Camus seems to me to be the first modem writer, though I am certain he will not be the last, to put the problem of responsibility in specific terms: “I only know”, he wrote, “that in this world there are pestilences and there are victims, and it is up to us not to ally ourselves with the pestilences. For the medical scientist, who knows that he may quite well be called upon today to use literal pestilences, of mind and of body in psychological and bacteriological warfare that statement has meaning clearer, I think, and more imperative than its author intended. But for the scientist as general enemy of pestilences, and the artist as general representative of humanity, the basic pestilence which, by its epidemic spread in our time challenges his allegiance is the same---it is the pestilence which , through the spread of irrational fears and irrational hatreds, through the acceptance of coercion, through the neglect of what one can only call social and personal sanitation or a biological human obligation in our attitudes to society, leads us to forget who we are and who our fellow men are; the pestilence which exterminates ‘gooks’ or dissidents, which apologizes for torture and massacre in any shape or form, whether it be called for the moment revolution or collective security, the pestilence of atom bombs and concentration camps. In the last resort, there is only one ethically satisfactory reply to that pestilence: an unqualified and unargued ‘No’. This ‘No’ does not spring. I think, from any idealistic or metaphysical imperative, but simply from the fact that by saying anything else we should cease to be human beings.”1.What the author argues for in paragraph 1 is（） .2.The quotation here taken from Albert Camus helps us to illustrate（） .3.Which of the following statements is wrong according to this selection?4.The word “allegiance” in this selection means（） .5.Generally speaking, the ideal reader of this selection is（） .

We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death despite the great distance we have come to understand some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it, it is an indelicacy like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 million volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather, we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when then numbers of dead are very small, and very close that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think , hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.1.According to the passage, we do better than our remotest ancestors because（） .2.When we talk at the dinner table about a war in which many people lost their lives, we are liable to show our（） .3.From the passage, we know that a person becomes upset about death when （）.4.According to passage, the only reality we know for sure is（） .5.The last sentence of the passage suggests people deceive themselves by the thought that（）

迈克尔是那种你真想恨一恨的家伙，他总是乐呵呵的，总是说些积极向上的话。如果有人问他近况如何，他会这样回答：“如果我还能再好，我就成双胞胎了”。他生来就会让人积极进取。如果哪位雇员有天过得很糟糕，迈克尔会告诉他如何看待问题的积极一面。他的这种方法着实让我好奇，所以有一天我找到迈克尔问：“我真弄不明白。你怎么能总是那样积极乐观？你是如何做到这一点的？”迈克尔回答说，“每天早上醒来我对自己说，迈克，今天你有两种选择。你可以选择心情愉快，你也可以选择心情恶劣。”我选择心情愉悦。每次心情不愉快的事情发生时，我可以选择成为一个牺牲品，也可以选择从中吸取教训。我选择从中吸取教训。每次有什么人找我来抱怨，我可以选择接受他们的抱怨，也可以选择向他指出生活的积极面。我选择指出生活的积极面。

研究人员称，远程办公等弹性工作模式有益于身体健康。研究人员发现，如果人们有条件在家工作，压缩工作周的时间，那他们就可以选择更为健康的生活方式，锻炼身体的机会增多，睡眠也会更好。可能弹性工作模式让人们能有更充裕的时间来实现健康的生活方式，或者是它让人们能更好的安排自己的时间。弹性工作制最初是为了帮助人们（尤其是女性）同时兼顾工作和家庭，但有关证据表明这显然不仅仅是女性的问题。研究人员对一家大型医药公司职员的“健康风险评估”进行了分析，职员涉及仓储，生产和管理等多个不同的岗位。一名研究人员说：“这不仅仅针对管理层，而是涉及到公司各个岗位的员工。”他说，该研究能让卫生部门和相关机构认识到，给员工更多的自由其实能带来很多益处。但他也说，要评估弹性工作制的长期益处还需要开展进一步研究。

China's prolonged silence about its destruction of the Feng Yun 1-C satellite, which it launched in 1999, has been almost as unnerving to its potential enemies (American, Japan and Taiwan especially) as the experiment itself. It was only this week---12 days after the event that China grudgingly admitted that it had tested something in space. This has led to speculation that China will not describe openly what actually happened. A foreign-ministry spokesman insisted that China would not engage in an arms race in space. Yet it is hard to see the test other than as a display of China’s ability to challenge American space power. It has triggered a chorus of complaint from Western powers, as well as from neighboring Japan and Taiwan. China says it did brief American and Japanese officials, among others, on what happened ---but not, it appears, until just before it confirmed the test to the press.China will doubtless insist that the Americans can hardly complain, American and the former Soviet Union tested anti-satellite weapons, albeit more than 20 years ago. George Bush has refused to talk to China about a proposal it raised in 2002, with Russia's backing, for a treaty outlawing the "weaponisation" of space. Mr. Bush authorized a new national space policy in August last years that irked the Chinese. It defended American's right to use space for defense and intelligence gathering purposes as well as to stop "adversaries" from using space in ways that threaten American "national interests".

The rising popularity of text messaging on mobile phones poses a threat to writing standards among Irish schoolchildren, an Irish education commission says.The frequency of errors in grammar and punctuation has become a serious concern, the State Examination Commission said in a report after reviewing last year’s exam performance by 15-year-olds."The emergence of the mobile phone and the rise of text messaging as a popular means of communication would appear to have impacted on standards of writing as evidenced in the responses of candidates," the report said, according to Wednesday's Irish Times."Text messaging, with its use of phonetic spelling and little or no punctuation, seems to pose a threat to traditional conventions in writing."The report laments that, in many cases, candidates seemed "unduly reliant on short sentences, simple tense and a limited vocabulary."In 2003, Irish 15-year-olds were among the top 10 performers in an international league table of literacy standards compiled by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Why did humans evolve to walk upright? Perhaps because it’s just plain easier. Make that ’’energetically less costly," in science-speak Bipedalism-walking on two feet-is one of the defining characteristics of being human, and scientists have debated for years how it came about. In the latest attempt to find an explanation, researchers trained five chimpanzees to walk on a treadmill while wearing masks that allowed measurement of their oxygen consumption.The chimps were measured both while walking upright and while moving on their legs and knuckles. That measurement of the energy needed to move around was compared with similar tests on humans and the results are published in this week’s online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.It turns out that humans walking on two legs uses only one-quarter of the energy that chimpanzees use while knuckle-walking on four limbs. And the chimps, on average, use as much energy using two legs as they did when they used all four limbs.However, there was variability among chimpanzees in how much energy they used, and this difference corresponded to their difference gaits and anatomy. We think about the evolution of bipedalism as one of first events that led hominids（原始人）down the path to being human.

You can't buy happiness. But it looks like you can at least inherit it. British and Australian researchers said.A study of nearly 1000 pairs of identical and non-identical twins found genes control half the personality traits that make people happy while factors such as relationships, health and careers are responsible for the rest of our well-being. We found that around half the differences in happiness were genetic,' said Tim Bates, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh who led the study." It is really quite surprising.*'The researchers asked the volunteers---ranging in age from 25 to 75 --- a series of questions about their personality, how much they worried and how satisfied they were with their lives.Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the researchers could identify common genes that result in certain personality traits and predispose people to happiness.People who are sociable, active, stable, hardworking and conscientious tend to be happier, the researchers reported in the journal Psychological Science. "What this study showed was that the identical twins in a family were very similar in personality and in well-being, and by contrast, the fraternal twins were only around half as similar," Bates said, "That strong implicates genes.The findings are an important piece of the puzzle for researchers trying to better understand depression and what makes different people happy or unhappy, Bates said.People with positive inherited personality traits may, in effect, also have a reserve of happiness to draw on in stressful times, he said.’’ An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing, calm and reliable provide a resource, we called it effective reserve that drives future happiness" Bates said.

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