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Which is safer—staying at home, traveling to work on public transport, or working at the office? Surprisingly, each of these carries the same risk, which is very low. However, what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately, the former is 65 times riskier than the latter! In fact the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity, and almost as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this that makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately, they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947), Flixborough (1974), Seveso (1976), Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984).Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. No one died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal, where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552.The Pemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives, just a month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particular danger. Thus the Texas City was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate （硝酸铵）， which is safe unless stored in a great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management, which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction of exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two largest tanks did not explode. Had these caught fire, then 3.000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.1. Which of the following statements is true?2. Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because（）.3. According to passage, the chemical accident that caused by the fault of management happened at（）.4. From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of（）.5. From the discussion among some experts we may conclude that（）.

A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in Criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity（父亲的身份）where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass, and Daniel L. Hartl of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo. Lewontin and Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method can not properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns.In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, the National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation（鉴定合格）for DNA testing laboratories.1. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects（）.2. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when（）.3. To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method（）.4. The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that（）.5. National Academy of Sciences holds the stand that（）.

Caught in a squeeze between the health needs of ageing populations on one hand and the financial crisis on the other, governments everywhere are looking for ways to slow the growth in healthcare spending. Increasingly, they are looking to the generic-drugs (普通物)industry as a savior. In November Japan's finance ministry issued a report complaining that the country's use of generics was less than a third of that in America or Britain. In the stone month Canada's competition watchdog criticized the country's pharmacies for failing to pass on the savings made possible by the use of generic drugs. That greed, it reckoned, costs taxpayers nearly $ 1 billion a year.Then on November 28th the European Commission issued the preliminary results of its year-long probe into drug giants in the European Union. The report reached a damning, though provisional, conclusion: the drugs firms use a variety of unfair strategies to protect their expensive drugs by delaying the entry of cheaper generic opponents. Though this initial report does not carry the force of law (a final report is due early next year), it has caused much controversy. Neelie Kroes, the EU's competition commissioner, says she is ready to take legal action if the evidence allows.One strategy the investigators criticize is the use of the "patent cluster(专利群)A firm keen to defend its drug due to go off-patent may file dozens or hundreds of new patents, often of dubious merit, to confuse and terrify potential copycats and maintain its monopoly. An unnamed drugs firm once took out 1.300 patents across the EU on a single drug. The report also suggests that out-of-court settlements between makers of patented drugs and generics finals may be a strategy used by the former to delay market entry by the latter.According to EU officials, such misdeeds have delayed the arrival of generic competition and the accompanying savings. On average, the report estimates, generics arrived seven months after a patented drug lost its protection, though where the drug was a big seller the lag was four months. The report says taxpayers paid about 3 billion more than they would have had the generics gone on sale immediately.But hang on a minute. Though many of the charges of bad behavior leveled at the patented-drugs industry by EU investigators may well be true, the report seems lo let the generics industry off the hook (钩子)too lightly. After all, if the drugs giants stand accused, in effect, of bribing opponents to delay the launch of cheap generics, shouldn't the companies that accepted those "bribes" also share the blame?1. Why are governments around the world seeking ways to reduce their health-care spending?2. What can we learn from the report issued by the European Commission?3. The investigators seriously condemned the drug firms for（）.4. On average, the genetics will be delayed to enter the market by（）.5. Which of the following accords with the author's view?

Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the little of “Qualities of Top Research Workers" with about 150 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the Answer Sheet.1.优秀的科研工作者需要具备什么素质？2.举例说明这种素质的重要性。3.如何培养这种素质？

1. 名声、财产和权力等都是身外之物，人人都可求而得之，但没有人能够代替你感受人生。2. 警方提醒乘客，不要将钱和贵重物品放在提包里，以防被盗。3. 虽然知道获胜的可能性不大，但比赛失败后，我们多少还是有点沮丧。4. In effect, they agreed to the view that the very change in law brings about a change in the nature of society and human relationships within it.5. The professor definitely will not agree with the point that the translation amounted to little more than looking up words in dictionaries.

Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word, or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided on the Answer Sheet. If you change a word underline it and -write the correct word in the corresponding Blank. If you odd a word, put an insertion mark, (/) in the right place anti write the missing word in blank. If you add a word, underline it and put a slash (/) in the blank.

The course normally attracts 20 students per year,（）up to half will be from overseas.

These goods are（）for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.

We are all for your proposal that the discussion（）.

Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage（）.

After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute（） .

Professor Taylor’s talk has indicated that science has a very strong（）on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.

Excuse me. If your call is not too urgent, do you mind（）mine first?

Over a third of the population was estimated to have no（）to the health service.

We need a chairman（）.

What he said just now had little to do with the question discussion （）.

We had to（）a lot of noise when the children were at home.

There are few applications（）opportunities than robots.

The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,（）is often the case in other countries.

Her interest in redecorating the big house kept her（）for a whole week.

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