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A considerable amount of medical research is aimed at identifying risk factors for disease. The rationale behind this work is that where people are informed of their risk, they will happily change their behavior to lower that risk. （ 1 ）this is certainly a reasonable assumption, it turns out that things are not quite that simple and straightforward. First of all, health is not necessarily a top priority in everyone’s life and, for these people, changing behavior in the interests of health may interfere（ 2 ）other, more important matters. Second, the benefits to be derived （ 3 ） such changes rarely are immediate or obvious. Usually, improvements in health take place over long periods of time and are quite subtle. （ 4 ）, we are all so bombarded with information about the thousands of health hazards to which we are exposed （ 5 ） most of us “tune out” much of this information. This latter issue is compounded by the fact that much of new information to which we are exposed through the media is exaggerated and, as often as not, is contradicted later by even “newer” information. For these and other reasons, simply knowing about a risk does not necessarily ensure that people will take appropriate steps to（6）it.（7） when people want to change their behavior, this is not easy to do. For example, the overwhelming majority of smokers in this country want to quit, but （ 8 ） great effort very few are able to do so. Most smokers acknowledge, at some level, that health hazards associated with smoking and most wish that there were a simple and painless way to stop. （ 9 ） the number of people who want to lose weight is very large, but few of these people are able to do it and even（10）are able to maintain such weight losses.

What if our society uses new-found technologies of “genetic engineering” to interfere with the biological nature of human beings? Might that not be disastrous?What about cloning, for instance?Cloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animal. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals, since biologists are finding ways of starting with an individual cell of a grown animal and inducing it to multiply into the same way in the future.But is cloning a safe thing to unleash on society? Might it not be used for destructive purposes? For instance, might not some ruling group decide to clone their submissive, downtrodden peasantry, and thus produce endless hordes of semi-robots who will slave to keep a few in luxury and who may even serve as endless ranks of soldiers designed to conquer the rest of the world?A dreadful thought, but an unnecessary fear. For one thing, there is no need to clone for the purpose. The ordinary method of reproduction produces all the human beings that are needed and as rapidly as is needed. Right now, the ordinary method is producing so many people as to put civilization in danger of imminent destruction. What more can cloning do?Secondly, unskilled semi-robots cannot be successfully pitted against the skilled users of machine, either on farms, in factories or in armies. Any nation depending on downtrodden masses will find itself an easy mark for exploitation by a less populous but more skilled and versatile society. This has happened in the past often enough.But even if we forget about self-hordes, what about the cloning of a relatively few individuals? There are rich people who could afford the expense, or politicians who could have the influence for it, or the gifted who could undergo it by popular demand. There can be two if a particular banker or governor or scientist — or three — or a thousand. Might this not create a kind of privileged caste, who would reproduce themselves in greater and greater numbers, and who would gradually take over the world?Before we grow concerned about this, we must ask whether there will really be any great demand for cloning. Would you want to be cloned? The new individual formed your cell will have your genes and therefore your appearance and, possibly, talents, but he will not be you. The clone will be, at best, merely your identical twin. Identical twins share the same genetic pattern, but they each have own individuality and are separate persons.Cloning is not a pathway to immortality, then, because your consciousness does not survive in your clone, any more than it would in your identical twin if you had one.In fact, your clone would be far less than your identical twin. What shapes and forms a personality is not genes alone, but all the environment to which it is exposed. Identical twins grow up in identical surroundings, in the same family, and under each other’s influence. A clone of yourself, perhaps thirty of forty years younger, would grow up in a different world altogether and would be shaped by influences that would be sure to make him less and less like you as he grows older.He may even earn your jealousy. After all, you are old and he is young. You may once have been poor and struggled to become well-to-do, but he will be well-to-do from the start. The mere fact that you won’t be able to view it as a child, but as another competing and better-advantaged you, may accentuate the jealousy.No! Imagine that, after some initial experiments, the demand for cloning will be virtually nonexistent.1.The central theme of the essay is（）. 2.The author assumes that the readers is（）. 3.The author assumes that the reader thinks “immortality”（）.4.To hold the reader’s interest, the author（）.5.The word “hordes” used in the passage means（）.

Every time an old building is tom down in this country, and a new building goes up, the ground floor becomes a bank.The reason for this is that banks are the only ones who can afford the rent for the ground floor of the new buildings going up. Besides, when bank loans someone money to build a new building, it usually takes an option for the street-floor facilities.Most people don’t think there is anything wrong with this and they accept it as part of the American free-enterprise system. But there is a small group of people in this country who are fighting for Bank Birth Control.This is how Huddlestone Hubbard, the BBC’s chairman, explained it.“Whenever you see an old building tom down，” Hubbard said, “you usually see a candy store, a dry cleaner, a delicatessen, and possibly a florist tom down with it. These shops are all replaced in the new buildings with a beautiful glass, aluminum, wall-to wall-carpeted money factor.”“Now from an aesthetic viewpoint, a bank looks better than a fry cleaner, a candy store, a delicatessen and a florist. But from a practical point of view, it’s a sheer disaster. If you want a newspaper, a candy bar or a chocolate milk shake, you can’t get it a bank. Nor can you run out to a bank for a pound of Swiss cheese and a six-pack of beer when have guests coming over. “A bank is great if you want to buy a car, but it’s useless if you want to have your dress cleaned.” “And while a bank might buy flowers to give itself a human image, it doesn’t sell any when you want to make up with your wife.”“What you’re saying then, Mr. Hubbard, is that every time a bank goes up, something in all of us dies.”“Exactly. One of the reasons kids are getting in so much trouble these days is that there are candy stores to hang around anymore. When tear down a delicatessen, the tangy smell of potato salad, corned beef and dill pickles are lost forever. Unless you’re trying to make a loan, no one ever salivates in a bank.”“It is true,” I said.“The situation is more crucial than anyone thinks,” Hubbard said, “at the rate they’re tearing down consumer stores and replacing them with banks, we estimate that in ten years it will be impossible to buy a loaf of bread in the country. What good is it to get 7 percent on your money if you starve to death?”“Then what you’re saying is that it isn’t a question of not taking it with you. It’s question of staying alive while you have it，” I said.“Something like that，” Hubbard agreed. “We’re trying to get the public to wake up to a fact that it’s better to have a store that sells screwdrivers than a bank that gives away alarm clocks.”“What’s the solution?”“A government decree that a bank has to supply the same services of the stores it tore down on the same property. If it’s a bakery, they have to sell cake, if it’s a photography shop, they have to develop films, and if it’s a dry-goods store, they have to sell warm underwear. If they provide the services of the stores they tore down, then we’ll let them do a little money lending on the side.”1.The central theme of the essay is（）2.This essay is written in a tone of （）.3.The author talks about the “Bank Birth Control” group because（）. 4.The attitude of the author toward small neighborhood stores is that they（）. 5.The author makes his point by using（）.

Analysts have had their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, but without being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.In a newsreel theatre the other day I saw a picture of a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had became the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it won’t stand much blowing up, and it won’t stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery. A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming hysterical and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in the throes of a sneezing fit.One of the things commonly said about humorists is that they are really very sad people — clown with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone’s life and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others, compensates for it actively and positively. Humorists fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it will serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible discomfort of tight boots (or as Josh Billing wittily called them, “tite” boots). They pour out their sorrows profitably，in a form that is not quite fiction nor quite fact either. Beneath the sparkling surface of these dilemmas flows the strong tide of human woe.1.The central theme of this essay is:（）2.The main idea of Paragraph 2 is:（）3.Why does the author feel that when humor is dissected, it dies in the process?（）4.The word “melancholy” in Paragraph 3 probably means （）.5.In his final sentence, the author is evoking an image of （）.

I am running down an alley with a stolen avocado, having climbed over a white brick fence and into the forbidden back yard of a carefully manicured estate at the comer of El Dorado and Crescent Drive in Beverly Hills, California.I have snatched a rock-hard Fuerte avocado from one of the three avocado trees near the fence.I have been told that many ferocious dogs patrol the grounds; they are killers, these dogs. I am defying them. They are nowhere to be found, except in my mind, and I’m out and gone and in the alley with their growls directing my imagination. I am running with fear and exhilaration, beginning a period of summer.Emerging from the shield of the alley I cut out into the open. Summer is about running, and I am running protected by distance from the dogs. At the comer of Crescent Drive and Lomitas I spot Bobby Tomitzer on a bike. I shout “Tomitzer!” He turns his head. His bike wobbles. An automobile moving rapidly catches Tomitzer’s back wheel. Tomitzer is thrown high into the air and onto the concrete sidewalk of Crescent Drive. The driver，a woman with gray hair, swirls from the car hysterically and hovers noisily over Tomitzer, who will not survive the accident. I hold the avocado to my chest and stand, frozen, across the street. I am shivering in the heat, and sink to my knees. It is approximately 3:30 in the afternoon. It is June 21,1946. In seven days, I will be 8 years old.1.The best title for this story could be（）2.The main image in Paragraph 1 is of a young boy（）.3.The main image in Paragraph 2 is of（）.4.The story start with the feeling of（） ,and ends with the feeling of（）.5.The phrase “shivering in the heat”( near the end of this passage) dramatically describes shock through （）.

He saw university as a community of scholars, where students were （）by teachers into an appreciation of different philosophical approaches.

I ignored an old woman who asked me for money in the street yesterday and it’s been on my （）ever since.

I’m sorry I’m late — I had a mental （）and forget that we would have a meeting today.

（） down than the telephone rang.

She was unimpressed by the actor, describing him as “a vain man and （）dull”.

She said that the treatment she had received in the hospital has completely（） her as her dignity.

Make sure you’re （）him before you start sharing a house.

All the questions （）around what she had been doing on the night of the robbery.

The government is trying to（） the people into thinking that a war is necessary.

He （）outrage by calling the TV programmes “talking wallpaper”.

When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had （）my parents（） .

The candidate has an impressively （）range of interests and experience.

She chewed each delicious mouthful as slowly as she could,（） the pleasure.

You could be （）many dangers by traveling alone in that area.

I missed the last flight, and decided（） to stay the night at the airport.

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