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This competition is good for the overall development of China’s long- (A) monopolizing banking industry and (B) is expected to intensify (C) by the end of the year or early next year (D) as more private banks are established.

This is equally true (A) of the solid called ice and the gas called steam. (B) Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid, all of (C) which (D) is made up of molecules with the formula H2O.

Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from “invisible earnings” to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional $375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma (古希腊银币) out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus—$66 million. Greece has a decent one third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing (接合) incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here: “Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the backward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome—without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.1.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is（）.2.Many peasants earn less than（）. 3.The Greek Government spends（）. 4.According to the passage, Greece has（）. 5.Greece imports annually goods and materials（）.

The New York male and the London male: two species of dude so similar, in many respects they seem to have been separated at birth. Both stomp triumphantly around financial and media capitals. Both feel they live at the centre of the known universe. And both spend far too much time on their hair. But there are marked differences between these tribes, from confidence and sense of humour to mating rituals and dress sense.So who’s best? There’s only one way to find out: wholly unscientific means of anecdotes from people who have lived in both cities.MasculinityAlexander T., a British-born doctor living in Harlem, thinks that “maleness” is a much more consciously performed thing in Manhattan than in London. “Your clothes, what you order in a restaurant, your ability to deliver a sincere patter about your goals and passions—these are things that will help get you laid in New York. Sometimes the London approach of just relying on being funny and self-deprecating will fail to impress.” But only sometimes, Alexander stresses. “For every woman who judges you harshly for your lack of a five-year plan, there will be others driven so mad with trauma by wretched and disgusting New York males that a few hours of you listening and being a nice guy will make you seem like the catch of the century.”AppearancesJulia B. is a fundraiser in London, who lived in New York for seven years. “London men dress better in general, and look a million miles better in suits. For some reason, New Yorkers are obsessed with boxy, ill-fitting suit jackets, Wall Street types being the worst offenders. New York men are probably more muscular, and more image-conscious in general.” New Yorkers seem much more reluctant to grow up, she thinks. “New York men try and retain their youth for longer. There are more 45 years old with skateboards in Williamsburg, Brooklyn than there are in Hackney. London men will want to settle down sooner than New Yorkers. As a woman, there’s more danger of being single in New York since men want to stay 20 in their minds forever, so women don’t want to commit either, because they see all these immature dudes around. In London, men understand women’s biological clocks a little better.”HumourThe commonplace New Yorker has an annoying reputation, but graphic designer Michael L. says the two years he spent in London upended that stereotype for him. “London guys wear a grim, unpleasant face a lot of the time. People in New York were a lot more willing to be friendly. And that’s what English people will describe as fake. They think the New York niceness is not genuine. So there you have it.” Are you a London man seeking fun? You should definitely spend a few weeks in New York. Your superior wardrobe, mature behavior and refreshing self-deprecation will land in fertile, man-boy traumatized soil in the City That Never Sleeps. But London women? Avoid the siren song of the New York male. No matter how ill-tempered your London fellow is, he’s a better overall package than the flashy New Yorker. Yes, that charming Manhattanite just romantically asked you out in the middle of the street. But, a) he asks out every woman with a pulse, and, b) he probably works at a discount shoe store.What’s your take on the differences between New York and London men? Who would you rather be stuck in a lift, on a road trip, or in the bar?1.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?3.Women in New York are more likely to stay single because（）.4.What is the author’s warning to London women?5.The underlined word dude may mean a man who is（）.

There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent. The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓) used by a baby in 3,000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.1.The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that（）. 2.One aspect of “the universality of toys” lies in the fact that（）.3.Which of the following is the author’s view on the historical development of toys?4.Regarded as a kind of art form, toys（）. 5.The author uses the example of a rattle to show that（）.

Within that exclusive group of literary characters who have survived through the centuries-from Hamlet to Huckleberry Finn—few can rival the cultural impact of Sherlock Holmes. Since his first public appearance 20 years ago, the gentleman with the curved pipe and a taste for cocaine, the master of deductive reasoning and elaborate disguise, has left his mark everywhere—in crime literature, film and television, cartoons and comic books.At Holmes’ side, of course, was his trusted friend Dr. Watson. Looming even larger, however, was another doctor, one whose medical practice was so slow it allowed him plenty of time to pursue his literary ambition. His name: Arthur Conan Doyle. As the creator of these fictional icons, Conan Doyle has himself become something of a cult figure, the object of countless critical studies, biographies and fan clubs.Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh in 1859, in a respectable middle-class Catholic family. Still, it was far from an easy life. There was never enough money, they moved frequently in search of lower rents; and his father, a civil servant and illustrator was an alcoholic who had to be institutionalized. Yet the early letters he wrote to his mother are surprisingly optimistic, concerned mainly with food, clothes, allowances and school work. At 14 came his first unforgettable visit to London, including Madame Tussaud’s, where he was “delighted with the room of Horrors, and the images of the murderers.”A superb student, Conan Doyle went on to medical school, where he was attracted by Dr. Joseph Bell, a professor with an uncanny ability to diagnose patients even before they opened their mouths. For a time he worked as Bell’s outpatient clerk and would watch, amazed, at how the location of a callus could reveal a man’s profession, or how a quick look at a skin rash told Bell that the patient had once lived in Bermuda. In 1886, Conan Doyle outlined his first novel, A Study in Scarlet, which he described as “a simple tale of mystery to make a little extra money.” Its main character, initially called Sherringford Hope and later called Sherlock Holmes, was based largely on Bell. But Holmes’ first appearance went almost unnoticed, and the struggling doctor devoted nearly all of his spare time to writing long historical novels in the style of Sir Walter Scott—novels that he was convinced would make his reputation. It wasn’t to be. In 1888, Holmes reappeared in A Scandal in Bohemia, a short story in Strand Magazine. And this time, its hero took an immediate hit and Conan Doyle’s life would never be the same.1.The typical features of Sherlock Holmes were all EXCEPT（）.2.Which of the following is NOT true about Conan Doyle and his familyConan Doyle’s short story？3.How did Conan Doyle feel about his first visit to London?4.We can infer from the last paragraph that（）.5. “A Scandal in Bohemia” has proved to be（）at last.

It was once thought that air pollution affects only the area immediately around large cities with factories and/or heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the entire eastern half of the United States and led to health warnings even in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, the very climate of the entire earth may be affected by air pollution. Some scientists feel that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) is creating a “greenhouse effect”—holding in heat reflected from the earth and raising the world’s average temperature. If this view is correct and the world’s temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be under water.Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth’s temperature—a result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age, and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. At present we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report prepared by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very likely). Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will offset each other and the world’s temperature will stay about the same as it is now.1.As pointed out at the beginning of the passage, people used to think that air pollution （）.2.As far as the greenhouse effect is concerned, the author （）. 3.The word “offset” in the second paragraph could best be replaced by （）. 4.It can be inferred from the passage tha （）. 5. This passage is primarily concerned with（）.

A key problem for policymakers in the developing countries chat have a large share or manufactures in their exports is that growth of exports and incomes in their countries is likely to be adversely affected by continued slow growth in developed countries’ final expenditure for several years to come. In a number of these countries, production or manufactured goods for the world market has driven the expansion of their formal modem sectors, but in most of them domestic demand has not increased apace. This has been partly due to weak linkages between me export sector and the rest of the economy, and partly to the strategy or their firms and governments to strengthen the international competitiveness of their domestic producers by keeping wages low. Such a strategy will eventually reach its limit, as low wages dampen domestic demand growth, especially when many other countries pursue the same strategy simultaneously. Since the growth of demand in developed countries is likely to remain weak for an extended period of time, the limitations of such a strategy become even more acute. In these circumstances, continuing with export-led growth strategies through wage and tax competition would exacerbate the harm caused by slower growth in export markets and reduce any overall benefits.The adoption of countercyclical macroeconomic policies can compensate for resulting growth shortfalls for some rime. Indeed, most developing countries reacted to the decline in their net exports by increasing the share of government expenditure in GDP. There was also an increase of private consumption as a share of GDP in some of these countries, and of gross fixed capital formation as a share of ODP in some others. However: beyond such short-term responses, developing countries may need to take a more comprehensive and longer term perspective, developing a shift in development strategies that gives greater weight to domestic demand as an engine of growth. Such a move towards a more balanced growth path could compensate for the adverse impact of slower growing exports to developed countries. Moreover, this more balanced growth strategy could be pursued by all developing countries simultaneously without beggar-thy-neighbor effects. However, there are many challenges involved in moving towards a more balanced growth strategy. These include boosting domestic purchasing power, managing domestic demand expansion in a way that avoids an excessive increase in import demand, and nurturing the interrelationship between household and government expenditure, on the one hand, and investment on the other, to enable the sectoral composition of domestic production to adjust to new demand patterns, including through increased regional and South-South trade.Hence, shifting the focus of development strategies to domestic markets does not mean minimizing the importance of the role of exports. Indeed, exports could expand further if several trade partners were to achieve higher economic growth at the same time.A strategy that places greater emphasis on domestic demand will need to aim at an appropriate balance between increases in household consumption, private investment and public expenditure. Explain the interrelationship between these three components of domestic demand.What is the policy implication for China?

Translate the following into English 中国央行数据显示，去年影子银行融资占世界第二大经济体融资总量的近三分之一，凸显中国影了银行业的崛起。中国人民银行表示，去年来自信托公司和影子银行部门其他实体的融资金额创下历史纪录，占到全年总融资规模17.3万亿元人民币(台2.9万亿美元) 的30%，髙于2012年23%的比重。中国的影子银行部门对地方政府债务的迅速增长起到了助推作用。地方政府近年纷纷建立表外工具借款，为开发项目提供资金支持。据中国国家审计署近期的一份报告似计，截至去年6月底，地方政府债务已接近3万亿美元，比2010年年底上一次审计时增长了70%。

Monetary policyIt is well known that there has never been a boom that is not linked with excessive money supply. Easy monetary policies consistently lead to booms and then to busts simply because they reduce interest rates, the cost of borrowing, for both (naive/noisy) investors and governments that, in rum, raise private (i.e. durable goods, real estate) and government spending beyond their ability to meet their debt obligations.The practice of expansionary monetary policy leads to capital misallocation as it favors short-term spending at the expense of long-term spending (investing less in long-term projects). That is, it creates a savings-investment gap that reduces the capital formation required for the economy to grow, which renders a high fraction of its existing capital stock obsolete. This low interest rate policy, an outcome of quantitative easing, in Turn, has an adverse, effect on productivity forcing capital to migrate in foreign/emerging markets in order to realize higher returns. In other words, excessive money supply fails to increase real economic activity because it raises the labor cost while it lowers the cost of capital. Depressing yields at home, as a result of quantitative easing, in an open economy setting, leads yield-seeking investors into higher-risk investments such as emerging markets.

Unemployment and inflationThe best-known application of rational expectations models has been to an interpretation of the observed relation between unemployment and inflation. A.W. Phillips (1958) noted a negative relation between the unemployment rate and the wage inflation rate in the United Kingdom between 1861 and 1957. A similar relation was found also in the United States for much of the same sample period. Since then, the negative relation has broken down. Lucas (1976) and Sargent and Wallace (1973) offered interpretations of the Phillips relation and its subsequent breakdown. In its simplest terms: this interpretation asserts that there may be a stable relation between unemployment and unexpected inflation. Unexpected inflation may cause job seekers to misperceive the real value of wage offers they have received, and thus to accept offers that they would not have accepted if they had known the true real wage they were getting. By accepting these jobs, they lower the unemployment rate. In the period Phillips studied the price level might have been well-enough approximated by a random walk that actual inflation may have approximately equaled unexpected inflation. Since then, when inflation has become much more serially correlated, actual and expected inflation may have diverged widely.

Write a composition of about 250 words based on the following:Some people think that to have a successful life you have to have a university education, while others think that it is not that important. Discuss both views and give your own, opinion based on personal experience and knowledge. Write your composition with ''Education and Success” as the title.

Translate the following passage from English into Chinese You are an intelligent and articulate person. You have no problem giving a lucid presentation, delivering an eloquent speech or participating in a political debate. You strive for meaningful conversations and have no patience whatsoever for small talk. “The weather is nice, isn’t it?” Really, who cares?Although seemingly trivial and superficial, small talk is the starting point of all relationships. Romances and friendships begin with small talk. In a more pragmatic light, you can’t avoid it. Getting a job, working with colleagues, winning new clients — all of it requires small talk. Americans call it the “Gift of Gab”. Want to be successful? You’d better acquire this gift. An article on the Forbes, website lists a few reasons why small talk is so important for one’s career. Not only does small talk make us more likeable; in one’s career, small talk is also a “free option”.It can lead to a host of outcomes, from a merely pleasant exchange to the signing of a multimillion dollar business deal, says the article.In a time where a big part of our lives has moved online, the art of small talk is elusive and mysterious. The awkward experience of feeling like a total outsider at a social function, such as a company event or a dinner party, is shared by many of us.Bad small talkers tend to dominate the conversation. They spend too much time on their favorite topic, whether it’s football or how clever their kids are. They think they are being social because they are talking. But they are talking to somebody, not with someone. Such people often give the impression of being self-centered and inconsiderate.

Translate the following passage from Chinese into English美国的一位顶尖心理学家说，如果人们关注于六个具体要素就会感到幸福。这六个要素分别是：活在当下（M）,有好奇心（C），做喜欢的事（L）,为他人着想（T）,培养关系（N）,照顾身体（B）。公式就是：感觉很棒=（活在当下x16+好奇心+做喜欢的事x2）+（为他人着想x5+培养关系x2+照顾身体x33）。弗吉尼亚州乔治梅•森（Mason）大学的托徳-卡什丹博士（Dr Todd Kashdan）对英国人幸福程度的全国性研究结果进行了评价。他说：“感觉幸福没有单一的诀窍，但当这六种成分都添加进来并正确配比后，你就会感觉人生很幸福。这六种成分的每一种都需要付出一点努力，你只要知道你的努力会给你带来极大的回报。”委任这次研究的整形外科手术营销总监史蒂芬•泰勒（Stephen Tayler）说：“我们无比高兴地看到与卡什丹博士的合作创建了幸福感的真正公式：我们希望幸福公式将继续帮助提振精祌，让全英国人民的脸上都有笑容。”

These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the great classless society. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great cliches of our time. The same old arguments are put( 1 ) in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived ( 2 ) all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, ( 3 ) time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear ( 4 ) the claim.It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled ( 5 ) if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, survival of the fittest, and “might is right” are still ( 6 ) us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For “aristocracy” read “meritocracy”： ( 7 ) other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them a good start in life. For all the lip service we pay ( 8 ) the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages ( 9 ) state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would he almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled worker that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil ( 10 ) to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.Fill in each blank in the article with an appropriate preposition or adverb (介词或副词).Read the article carefully and explain the meaning of the words according to the context.cliche (in paragraph I)discredit (in paragraph 1)savagely (in paragraph 1)fallacy (in paragraph 2)dispense (in paragraph 2)rigidly (in paragraph 2)cunning (in paragraph 3)perpetuate (in paragraph 3)indiscriminately (in paragraph 3)dedicated (in paragraph 4)

China to Tax C02, Reform Coal and Water PricingEric Wesoff: February 22. 2013The Chinese government is taking the lead on carbon legislation.China surpassed the United States in renewable energy and efficiency investment in 2011. (China invests approximately $65 billion per year in cleantech compared to the S45 billion invested by the U.S., according to a report by conservation group WWF.)This year China leapfrogs the United Stales in greenhouse gas (GHG) policy. According to China Daily, “China will proactively introduce a set of new taxation dioxide policies designed to preserve the environment including a lax on carbon emissions, according to a senior official with the Ministry of Finance. The government will collect the environmental protection tax instead of pollutant discharge fees, as well as levy a tax on carbon dioxide emissions.”According to Xinhua, the official press agency of the Chinese stale:“It will be the local taxation authority, rather than the environmental protection department, that will tolled the taxes.”“The government is also looking into the possibility of taxing enei^y-intensive products such as batteries, as well us luxury goods such as aircraft that are not used for public transportation”To conserve natural resources, the government will push forward resource tax reforms by taxing coal based on prices instead of sales volume, as well as raising coal taxes.”“A resource tax will also be levied on water.”When and bow the new policy will be implemented was not specified in the article.Nancy Pftund, Managing Partner at DBL Ventures, had this to say, “As a major source of carbon emissions. China’s move to implement a carbon tax is good news for the planet, and good news for cleantech investment. China is already a leader in supporting the growth of clean industries the tune of billions and billions of dollars, from solar to clean transportation to wind, and putting a price on carbon with a tax will drive more demand, as well more innovation. If this policy comes to fruition, I would expect to see more activity on the part of U.S. cleantech companies in China, a trend which we are already witnessing. Finally, China’s leadership in pricing carbon will have ripple effects across the world and raise the bar for U.S. energy policies and those of other nations. When a country as large as China and as economically important as China makes a move like this, the global momentum on climate change suddenly gets a lot more inexorable.”It is difficult to contemplate what market or political forces could motivate U.S. politicians to act on carbon legislation, although we could see executive orders from President Obama anointing the EPA as carbon enforcer.

Translate the following into English 20年来，中国从工业化、城镇化加快发展的国情出发，不断丰富可持续发展的内涵，积极应对国内外环境的复杂变化和一系列重大挑战，实现了经济平稳较快发展、人民生活显著改善，在控制人口总量、提高人口素质、节约资源和保护环境等方面取得了积极进展。同时，作为一个发展中国家，中国人口众多、‘生态脆弱、人均资源占有不足，人均国内生产总值尚排在全球百位左右，仍有1.22亿贫困人口，资源环境对经济发展的约束增强，区域发展不平衡问题突出，科技创新能力不强，改善民生的任务十分艰巨。

Rational choice theoryRational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling, social and economic behavior. Rationality, interpreted as “wanting more rather than less of a good’’，is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in macroeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making. It is also central to some of modem political science, sociology, and philosophy. It attaches “wanting more” to instrumental rationality, which involves seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. Gary Backer was an early proponent of applying rational actor models more widely. He won the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his studies of discrimination, crime, and human capital.In rational choice theory, these costs are only extrinsic or external to the individual rather than being intrinsic or internal. That is, strict rational choice theory would not see a criminal’s self-punishment by inner feelings of remorse, guilt, or shame as relevant to determining the costs of committing a crime. In general, rational choice theory does not address the role of an individual’s sense of morals or ethics in decision-making. Thus, economics Noblest Amartya Sen sees the model of people who follow rational choice model as “rational fools”.

Macroeconomic PolicyIf the Great Depression sparked the formulization of macroeconomic policy, the current Global Financial And Economic Crisis is writing the next chapter Had there been a policy inventory for the Great Depression, providing the opportunity to observe the range of policies followed, the range of countries implementing these policies, and the range of the impact, formalization of lessons learned in the form of macroeconomic theory would have token place more easily and more consistently by being able to see the larger picture. This then should be the modest goal of policy inventory——to try to capture the whole, the global macro practices across 77 countries, to aid formalization of macroeconomic practice and theory. What is not covered adequately by the policy inventory at the macro level is impact, for which a more detailed follow-up study is recommended.As a result of the need for a truly global view of the problem, this survey has observed the entire sample of countries, dividing the sample into two categories: high-income countries, and low- and middle-income countries. Three particularity important factors in the policy inventory can be used to analyze the policy responses utilized during the crisis years.

Write a composition of at least 200 words based on the following:1. 现在很多年轻人每个月都把自己赚的钱花光，他们被称作“月光族”（moonlightclan）。2. 有人认为这是一种时尚的消费观念，但很多人反对这样消费。3. 我对此的看法是……

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