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In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers (A) with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but (B) of their nature no more is known (C) about the modern scientist than (D) to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber.

Another benefit of the study of history is the broad range of (A) human experience which is covered. War and peace are certainly covered (B) like are national and international affairs. However, matters of culture (art, literature, and music) are also included in historical study. Human nature is an important part of history: emotions like passion, greed, and insecurity have influenced the (C) shaping of world affairs. Anyone who thinks that the study of history is boring has not (D) really studied history.

Among the principal challenges to (A) sustained growth of international economic relations is the (B) risen protectionism, especially in new and virulent forms that (C) threaten the always (D) fragile growth of trade between countries at all levels of development.

The question I (A) am asked most often nowadays is this: are we back to 2008 and another global financial crisis and recession? My answer is a straightforward (B) no, but that the recent (C) episode of global financial market turmoil is (D) like to be more serious than any period of volatility and risk-off behavior since 2009.

Each man is at every moment subjected _1_ several different sets of law but there is only one of these which he is free _2_ disobey. As a body, he is subjected to gravitation and _3_ disobey it; if you leave him unsupported in mid-air, he has no more choice about falling _4_ a stone has. As an organism, he is subjected to various biological laws which he cannot disobey any more than _5_ animal can. This is, he cannot disobey those laws which he shares _6_ other things; but the law which is peculiar _7_ his human nature, the law he does not share with animals or vegetables or inorganic things, is the one he can disobey _8_ he chooses.This law was _9_ the Law of Nature because people thought that everyone knew it by nature and did not need to be taught _10_. They did not mean, of course, that you might not find an odd individual here and there _11_ did not know it, just as you find a few people who are color-blind or have _12_ ear for a tune. But taking the race as a _13_, they thought that the human idea of decent behavior was obvious to everyone. There have _14_ differences between people’s moralities in different civilizations and ages, _15_ these have never amounted _16_ anything like a total difference. Men have differed as regards what people _17_ ought to be unselfish to, whether it was only your own family, or your fellow countrymen, or everyone, but they have always agreed that you ought _18_ to put yourself first. Men have differed as to whether you should have _19_ wife or four, but they have always _20_ that you must not simply have any woman you liked.

If you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U.S. economy had become “very distorted”. In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast — including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force” — was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,” increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas” was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender ofthe free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs ― the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U.S. consumer” or “the UK consumer”，or indeed the “Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”，the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modem economy — Google, Amazon, the iPhone — broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions —particularly the explosion of subprime credit ― helped mask the risk of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multibillion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider — and not unreasonable — fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.1.According to the passage, the U.S. economy （）.2.Which of the following statements about today’s super-elite would the passage support?3.What can be said of modem technological innovations?4.The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath （）. 5.The primary purpose of the passage is to（）.

Anne Whitney, a sophomore (大学二年级学生) at Colorado State University, first had a problem taking tests when she began college. “I was always well prepared for my tests. Sometimes I studied for weeks before a test. Yet I would go in to take the test, only to find I could not answer the questions correctly. I would blank out because of nervousness and fear. I couldn’t think of the answer. My low grades on the tests did not show what I knew to the teacher.” Another student in biology had similar experiences. He said, “My first chemistry test was very difficult. Then, on the second test, I sat down to take it, and I was so nervous that I was shaking. My hands were moving up and down so quickly that it was hard to hold my pencil. I knew the material and I knew the answers. Yet I couldn’t even write them down!”These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is uneasy about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness. Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits, sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades. Recently, test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem, not just an excuse or a false explanation of lazy students.Special university advising courses try to help students. In these courses, advisors try to help students by teaching them how to manage test anxiety. At some universities, students take tests to measure their anxiety. If the tests show their anxiety is high, the students can take short courses to help them deal with their tensions. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. Students are trained to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work at ease. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.An expert at the University of California explains, “With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking our program. Most of them experience better control during their tests. Almost all have some improvement. With some, the improvement is very great.”1.To “blank out” is probably （）.2.Poor grades are usually the result of （）. 3.Test anxiety has been recognized as （）. 4.To deal with this problem, students at some universities would （）. 5.A University of California advisor said （）.

Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines (廉价并且趣味低级的杂志), the Bug-Eyed Monster, embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive, is about to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde, curvaceous, scantily clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In contrast to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and when it does, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction. Instead, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of human life that it considers make it well worth reading and studying for no other literary from does quite the same things.What is science fiction? To begin, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary subgenre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follows the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily be modified and expanded, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a point of departure.The first point—that science fiction is a literary subgenre—is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek’s RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known, the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. To say that science fiction is a subgenre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general, that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.Everything that can be said about prose fiction, in general, applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, characters, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man’s nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.1.Science fiction is called a literary subgenre because （）.2.The final sentence in the passage implies that （）. 3.From the last paragraph, we know that people read science fiction especially for （）. 4.An appropriate title for this passage would be （）. 5.According to the author, the popular image of science fiction is（）.

Predicting the future is always risky. But it’s probably safe to say that at least a few historians will one day speak of the 20th-century as America’s “Disney Era.” Today, it’s certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents modern America as powerfully as the company that created Mickey Mouse. Globally, brands like Coca-Cola and McDonalds may be more widely-known, but neither encapsulates 20th-century America in quite the same way as Disney.The reasons for Disney’s success are varied and numerous, but ultimately the credit belongs to one person—the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing, Walt Disney. Ironically he could not draw particularly well. But he was a genius in plenty of other respects. In business, his greatest skills were his insight and his management ability. After setting himself up in Hollywood, he single-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchandising—something his company still does brilliantly today.But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to identify with his audiences. Disney always made sure his films championed the “little guy,” and made him feel proud to be American. This he achieved by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of the ordinary people. Some celebrated American achievements—Disney’s very first cartoon Plane Crazy, featuring a silent Mickey house, was inspired by Charles Lindbergh’s flight across the Atlantic. Others, like the three little Pigs and Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, showed how, through hard work and helping one’s fellow man, ordinary Americans could survive social and economic crises like the Great Depression.Disney’s other great virtue was the fact that his company—unlike other big corporations—had a human face. His Hollywood studio—the public heard—operated just like a democracy, where everyone was on first-name terms and had a say in how things should be run. He was also regarded as a great patriot because not only did his cartoons celebrate America, but, during World War II, his studios made training films for American soldiers.The reality, of course, was less idyllic. As the public would later learn, Disney’s patriotism had an unpleasant side. After a strike by cartoonists in 1941, he became convinced that Hollywood had been infiltrated by Communists. He agreed to work for the FBI as a mole (间谍), identifying and spying on colleagues whom he suspected were subversives.But, apart from his affiliations with the FBI, Disney was more or less the genuine article. A new book, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, by Steven Watts, confirms that he was very definitely on the side of ordinary Americans―in the 30s and 40s he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, believing he was a champion of the workers. Also, Disney was not an apologist for the FBI, as some have suggested. In fact, he was always suspicious of large, bureaucratic organizations, as is evidenced in films like That Darned Cat, in which he portrayed FBI agents as bungling incompetents.By the time he died in 1966, Walt Disney was an icon like Thomas Edison and the Wright Brothers. To business people and filmmakers, he was a role model; to the public at large, he was “Uncle Walt”—the man who had entertained them all their lives, the man who represented all that was good about America.In the 30 years since his death, not much has changed. In 1986, he was attacked as a McCarthyist, a supporter of big business, and a purveyor of “sub-literate” entertainment. However, none of it has made any difference to the general public. Their loyalty to Uncle Walt remains as strong as ever.1.Walt Disney is believed to possess the following abilities EXCEPT（）.2.Walt Disney became an icon after his death not because（）. 3.In the sixth paragraph the sentence “Disney was more or less the genuine article” means that（）. 4.The writer’s attitude toward Walt Disney can best be described as（）. 5.According to the passage, what was the pleasant side of Disney’s patriotism?

Many great inventions are initially greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903 were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation.Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brothers’ interest in flight grew into a compulsion.Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1990 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers’ inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts.After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for the brothers to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than $1,000.They even designed and built their own source of propulsion―a lightweight gasoline engine. When they started the engine on December 17, the airplane pulsated wildly before taking off. The plane managed to stay aloft for 12 seconds, however, and it flew 120 feet.By 1905, the Wrights had perfected the first airplane that could turn, circle, and remain airborne for half an hour at a time. Others had flown in balloons and hang gliders, but the Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.1.The idea of flying an aircraft was（）to some people.2.Some people thought that the Wright brothers had（）.3.The Wrights’ interest in flight grew into a（）.4.Lilienthal’s idea about controlling airborne vehicles was（）the Wrights.5.The old tables were（）and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces.

The (1) over Davos were said (2) have darkened last week as 1,700 private jets delivered the world’s elite to its annual convention. You can picture (3) moment: a shepherd’s child on an Alpine mountain pointing (4) one, then two, then a vast (5) of hawk-like aircraft materializing with their consignment of power brokers, roaring overhead as the sheep scatter in (6) .(7) is awesome scene of inequality. The (8) reported figure of 1,700 jets is a fantasy. Financial journalist Felix Salmon has done the legwork and estimated the actual (9) to be about 200. So, (10) was the inflated figure so eagerly believed?The answer (11) in the powerful hold of private jet travel (12) the popular imagination. It is the ultimate symbol of wealth, more (13) than mansions or limousines or the humble helicopter. It provokes resentment; yet it is also glamorous and exciting. Private (14) excite the non-private jet-flying classes even (15) offending them. The result is a combustible combination of moral ism and desire.In Sweden outrage runs high (16) the misuse of corporate jets by directors of (17) conglomerate, Industrivarden. Families were flown (18) trips abroad; a plane was sent to Stockholm (19) an absent-minded industrialist forgot his wallet. The result is one of the biggest (20) scandals in Swedish history.

Directions: Write an essay of about 200-250 words on the following topic. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10%)1. Winners have different potentials. Achievement is not the most important thing. Authenticity is. The authentic person experiences the reality of himself by knowing himself, being himself, and becoming a credible, responsive person. He actualizes his own unprecedented uniqueness, and appreciates the uniqueness of others.2. Global value chains, or GVCs, are not a new phenomenon, but they have expanded and deepened significantly in recent years, offering greater opportunities for developing countries to integrate into the global economy at lower costs. Improvements in communication technology and declining transportation costs worldwide have made it easier to “unbundle” tasks internationally.

Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)1.有些人把读书当作疲劳工作中的一种休息，并不是读一本书就预先想定读它要派何种用场，即“不为什么而读”。但日积月累，确实可以长知识、广见闻、有效益。2.经过长期积累，目前中国已成为全球第二大经济体和全球第一贸易大国、全球第一外汇储备国，具备了对外输出资本的实力。

The (A) costs of watching the film is that it takes (B) up 120 minutes of your time— (C) time which could be spent in bed asleep. The benefit is the enjoyment gained from each extra minute (D) viewed.

If Snow had owned his own benefits, or approached health care as a consumer, as the administration wants people to do, (A) he’d certainly be singing a different tune. Had Snow stashed a few thousand dollars in a health (B) savings account, which is one of the administration’s chief proposals to reduce the rising number of (C) uninsured, he (D) likely wouldn’t have enough cash to afford chemotherapy.

The drop in the price of Brent crude from a (A) high of more than $115 a barrel in June to less than $60 (B) earlier this month has put extra money into (C) consumer’s pockets and boosted fuel-intensive businesses, (D) while cutting oil companies’ revenues and stoking financial crises in oil-producing countries including Russia and Venezuela.

There has been (A) inverse relationship between household net worth and the personal saving rate, consistent with the permanent income hypothesis, (B) under which household expenditures respond principally (C) to changes in long-term wealth rather than short-term fluctuations (D) of income.

Amid the multiple violent incidents, a crackdown (A) on terrorism in all (B) forms has been added to China’s top priorities. The government called (C) on improved intelligence collection, integrated prevention and (D) control measures, and better early-warning and emergency response capabilities so as to leave no loopholes for terrorists to exploit.

To attract capital, small banks are always willing to raise their deposit (A) rates to the (B) higher end of the government-set band to attract capital, (C) while big players usually keep their rates (D) at a discount of 10 percent.

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