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An earlier attempt (1) blunting, which made it illegal to (2) American-made components to Huawei, including advanced computer chips (3) which the Chinese firm relies, was not the knock-out blow the White (4) hoped it to be. Chipmakers were able to keep shipping Huawei semiconductors from factories outside America. So on May 15th the Trump administration extended its restrictions from chips to the tools used to make them—many of which come from America. So (5) as big microprocessor producers, like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, use American-made equipment, they will no longer be able to forge Huawei-designed chips anywhere in the world.

The global economy is in its worst downturn since the 1930s. WTO economists foresee a bumpy year ahead. Their forecast for 2020 estimates that the volume of global merchandise trade will tumble by between 13 and 32 per cent compared to the previous year. The depth of the fall will depend on two main factors: one, how long it takes to bring the pandemic under control; and two, the policies governments implement - domestically and at the international level - to (mitigate) its economic consequences.This underscores why international cooperation to keep global markets open for goods and services is more important than ever. As the world fights the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining open supply lines will facilitate access to medical products and food. Restricting trade and disrupting established supply chains will make it harder to ramp up the manufacture of much-needed protective equipment, testing kits, ventilators and other essentials. In the longer run, a turn towards protectionism will slow down the global economic recovery, to the detriment of all countries, most damagingly for the poorest.Whether to safeguard public health or to revive economic activity, it is only through collective action that we can respond effectively to the COVID-19 crisis. It is essential that governments and international organizations work together. The WTO is committed to doing its part to foster such cooperation. One key aspect of this is transparency - we have stepped up monitoring and information-sharing to allow all participants in world trade to keep track of COVID-related measures governments have introduced to facilitate or restrict trade. The WTO will also serve as a forum for members to share views and coordinate action on trade policies as economies emerge from the crisis. Prior to the pandemic, the year 2019 had been marked by strong activity at the WTO in terms of trade negotiations. Talks on reducing fisheries subsidies registered further progress, and members continued discussions on a range of issues in agriculture. In parallel with these multilateral negotiations, groups of WTO members took substantial steps forward in initiatives seeking to write new rules for e-commerce, facilitating investment for development, domestic regulation of trade in services, and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. The initiatives, which remain open to the entire membership, drew interest from a growing number of members.Members will determine how and when to take these negotiating processes forward in light of the public health and economic situation. In a similar vein, they are already deliberating on options for holding our 12th Ministerial Conference, which could not be held as originally scheduled in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, in June 2020 because of the pandemic.Discussions on the ongoing process of WTO reform also gained momentum over the course of the year. Further progress will now also have to take account of the evolving health and economic situation. The reform process has nevertheless always been aimed at strengthening and improving the functioning of the system to make the WTO more effective and more responsive to members' needs. Amid the social and economic distress shared by billions of people, some of these needs have become painfully clear. A key goal of WTO reform must be to ensure that the organization is properly equipped to contribute to the economic recovery of all members.A key concern is the proper functioning of the WTO's dispute settlement system, given the impasse in the appointment of Appellate Body members. The importance WTO members attach to the institution's dispute settlement function was underscored by the highest-ever level of activity seen in 2019, with 23 dispute settlement reports and decisions issued during the course of the year. At the same time, late in the year, members could not reach consensus on a set of proposals put forward by the then-chair of the Dispute Settlement Body in an attempt to address concerns about the functioning of the Appellate Body. I encourage members to consider the compromises they would be willing to make to maintain a vital two-step review process for the settlement of trade disputes and to avoid the prospect of blocked rulings and unilateral retaliation.Another important function of the WTO is our work to assist developing countries to gain a better understanding of how best to make the multilateral trading system and the WTO rulebook work for them. In 2019, the WTO organized training courses for over 18,000 government officials, enhancing their know-how and skills to help their respective countries play a more active role in world trade. The WTO also hosted the Global Review of Aid for Trade, a WTO-led initiative aimed at improving the trading capacity of developing and least-developed countries. The three-day event brought over 1,500 participants to our headquarters to share ideas and look at examples of how targeted technical and financial support has helped countries use trade to bolster economic diversification and empowerment.Other events held at the WTO in 2019 included our annual Public Forum, which attracted a record number of participants - over 2,500 from 126 countries - to discuss how trade should adapt to a changing world. The first-ever World Cotton Day brought ministers and key players in the cotton industry to WTO headquarters to address the challenges faced by cotton farmers and the importance of the sector in contributing to poverty reduction in developing countries. The WTO also hosted an International Forum on Food Safety and Trade alongside the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization.Cooperation and solidarity among governments and international organizations will be essential for the world to unite to tackle the coronavirus pandemic and prepare the foundations for economic revival. Trade will have a vital role to play in making a strong, sustainable and socially inclusive recovery. We at the WTO are committed to doing our part.1. What is the meaning of the underlined word "mitigate" in Paragraph 1?2. When and where was the 12th Ministerial Conference originally scheduled?3. Which genre might this passage belong to?4. Which issue is not mentioned in this passage?5. According to the passage, how can we respond effectively to the COVID-19?6. Which word could be used to describe the tone of the passage?7. Which of the following is not true about the WTO's dispute settlement system ?8. We could draw from the passage except that （）.

Directions: Write an essay of about 150-200 words on the following topic. Write your answers on the ANS WER SHEET.It is assumed that in 21B, century, Sino-American relationship is the most important for the peace and development of the whole world. Do you agree? And please justify your idea.

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10%)Not long ago social media held out the promise of a more enlightened politics, as accurate information and effortless communication helped good people drive out corruption, bigotry (偏执) and lies. Yet Facebook acknowledged that before and after 2016 American presidential election, 146 million users may have seen Russian misinformation on its platform. Far from bringing enlightenment, social media have been spreading poison. And, because of how they work, they wield extraordinary influence. They make their money by putting photos, personal posts, news stories and ads in front of you. They collect data about you in order to have algorithms (计算程序) to determine what will catch your eye, in an “attention economy” that keeps users scrolling, clicking and sharing again and again and again. Everyone who has scrolled through Facebook knows that, instead of imparting wisdom, the system dishes out compulsive stuff that tends to reinforce people’s biases.

Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)美国总统特朗普热衷的贸易争端已经过时了，其主要武器是关税，主要战场是从汽车到钢铁在内的旧市场，然而中美之间最严重的贸易冲突是21世纪的技术之争，这包括从人工智能到网络设备在内的方方面面，其基本战场是半导体。美国的行业领先和中国超级大国的雄心最直接的冲突就在芯片业。美国白宫的保护主义者想将半导体供应链转移至美国，但中国的发展不会停止。正如硅谷的崛起依赖美国政府的支持，中国为实现其发展目标，已将国家和企业资源整合。

We are without choices in many aspects, but we do choose how we shall live; (A) courageously or in cowardice, (B) honorably or inhonorably, with purpose or in drift. We decide (C) what is important and what is trivial in life. And as we decide and choose (D) so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about.

Yet to have a family nowadays— (A) with birth control readily available, and (B) inflation a good economic argument against having children—is nearly an expression of ambition itself. Though ambition was once (C) the domain chiefly of monarchs and aristocrats, it has, in more recent times, increasingly become the domain of the middle class. Working, saving, planning—these, the daily aspects of ambition— have always been (D) the distinguished marks of a rising middle class.

Ambition, (A) as opposed to mere fantasizing about desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social of a kind (B) society can survive without. Ambition (C) is intimately connected with family, for men and women not only work party for their families, but (D) harbor some of their most ardent ambitions for their children.

But sacrificing ambition so as to guard against its potential excesses, is to (A) go at things wrongly. To discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of grandeur and greatness. All men and women are born, live, suffer and die; (B) what distinguishes us one from another is our dreams, (C) may they be dream about worldly or unworldly things, and what we do to (D) make them come about.

Many people are (A) naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents (B) something intractable in human nature. Thus John Dean entitled his book about his involvement in the Watergate affair during the Nixon administration Blind Ambition, as if ambition (C) were to be blamed for his ignoble actions, and not the constellation of qualities that (D) make up his rather shabby character.

The attacks on ambition (A) come from various angles: its public defenders are few and impressive, (B) where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, (C) a quality to be admired and inculcated in the young, (D) is probably lower than has ever been in the United States.

If ambition (A) is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, (B) control over one’s destiny— (C) must be deemed worth of the sacrifices (D) made on ambition’s behalf.

The ambitious individual, far from (A) identifying himself and his fortunes to the group, wishes to (B) rise above it. The ambitious man or woman (C) sees the world as a battle; rivalrousness is his or her principal emotion: the world has limited prizes to offer, and he or she (D) is determined to get his or hers.

(A) What life does with our dreams and expectations cannot, of course, be predicted. Some dreams, (B) begun in selflessness, end in rancor; other dreams, begun in selfishness, (C) end in large-heartedness. The unpredictability of the outcome of dreams is (D) no reason to cease to dream.

(A) Define ambition and you instantly (B) reveal a great deal about yourself: Even that most neutral of works, Webster's, in its Seventh New Collegiate Edition, (C) gives itself off, (D) defining ambition first and foremost as “an ardent desire for rank, fame and power.”

The police had moved quickly to block off the area. Now Jim stood across the street with the other students, watching in stunned disbelief as the fire department fought to (1) __ control of the fire. But it looked hopeless. The east end of the building exploded into flames. The noise was so loud (2) even Jim, as he fiddled absently (3) the volume control to his hearing aid, could hear a faint roar. Across the street on the school grounds Mr. Maclntire, the principal, was shouting to the fire chief. Jim read his lips, (4) some of what he said because of the distance but getting (5) than enough to understand, “...eight students and a teacher...in a basement room...trapped!” The fire chief shook his head. Three times already firefighters had tried to enter the building, only to be (6) _ back by the heat and smoke, and now there was no hope at all. Jim saw it in the chief’s face. His friends and the teacher he respected more than any (7) __ were as good as dead. They had little (8) _ to survive the smoke, not to mention the heat. It was Jim’s class in the basement, and he should have been in there himself. But he has stopped in the hall upstairs to talk to Mr. Maclntire about the Phonic Ear. It was a small radio receiver plugged into his hearing aid (9) _ signals from a transmitter worn by his teachers. Born with a (10) impairment, Jim had had problems in his classes. He was a good lip reader, but lip reading did not always (11) . Teachers sometimes, without thinking, (12) _ their faces away when talking. Making good grades had been hard for him (13) he began to use the Phonic Ear. Now he heard everything his teacher said, and his grades had shot (14) . That was one reason he had been placed in the advanced physics class, the only course still (15) in any of the basement floor classrooms of the old school, (16) was undergoing renovation. A new wing was to be added to the back of the school. Heavy equipment had been digging the new foundations and had broken a gas line leading into the basement. (17) he was late to class, Jim had just turned away from Mr. Maclntire (18) the school building was rocked by an (19) . Smoke rose from the basement stairwell and was followed by fire. Everyone on the upper two floors had gotten out. But there had been no escape for those (20) .

The number of female bosses of large firms remains stubbornly small. Not single one on France’s CAC 40 share index or on Germany’s DAX index is run by a woman. In America, only 15 chief executives of Fortune 500 companies are women. Britain does better, but not much: five of the FTSE-100 firms have female bosses.On July 6th the European Parliament passed a resolution calling for EU-wide legislation stipulating that at least 40% of seats on listed companies’ supervisory boards will be reserved for women by 2020. This does not oblige member states to do anything, but it reflects a spreading mood. The German government is considering whether to impose quotas. America is not, but new rules from the Securities and Exchange Commission will require firms to reveal what, if anything, they are doing to increase diversity at the top table.Viviane Reding, the EU commissioner for justice, argues that compulsion is the only way to overcome entrenched discrimination. In March, she posted a “Women on the Board Pledge for Europe” on her website. Only seven companies have signed up so far.There is a powerful business case for hiring more women to run companies. They are more likely to understand the tastes and aspirations of the largest group of consumers in the world, namely women. They represent an underfished pool of talent. McKinsey, a consultancy, recently looked at 89 listed companies in Europe with a very high proportion of women in senior management posts and compared their financial performance with the average for firms in the same industry. It found that these firms enjoyed a higher return on equity, fatter operating profits and a more buoyant share price. The authors described the correlation between promoting women and doing well as “striking”, though they admitted that they could not prove what was causing what. It is possible that firms that are already doing well tend to hire more female directors. On the other hand, a study by Amy Dittmar and Kenneth Ahem of the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan found that firms that were forced to increase the share of women on their boards by more than ten percentage points saw one measure of corporate value (the ratio of market capitalization to the replacement value of assets, known as Tobin’s Q) fall by 18%.If quotas aren’t the answer, what is? The question is fiendishly complex. In most rich countries, women do as well as men or even better at school and university. In America, most new master’s degrees are awarded to women. Women also hold more than half of the entry-level jobs at American blue-chip companies.But corporate women start to fall behind their male peers right from the beginning. They are less aggressive than men when negotiating their first salary and every subsequent pay rise. Linda Babcock of Carnegie Mellon University found that her male graduate students secured starting salaries 7.6% higher than her female graduate students. In general, men are four times more likely to ask for a pay rise than women are. Compounded over time, this makes a huge difference.The higher you gaze up the corporate ladder, the fewer women you see. According to Catalyst, a researcher in New York, women are 37% of the middle managers in big American firms, 28% of the senior managers and a mere 14% of executive-committee members.The way patronage and promotion work within the corporate world may count against women. Nearly all the executives who rise to the top have had a powerful backer, according to Sylvia Ann Hewlett, the author of “The Sponsor Effect”, a report for the Harvard Business Review. Yet women often fail to cultivate what Ms.’ Hewlett calls “relationship capital”. They hesitate to call in favors for fear of seeming pushy. And many are afraid of the gossip that a close relationship with a senior male colleague might provoke.No doubt all of this plays its part. But a much bigger obstacle to putting more women in boardrooms is that so many struggles to balance work and a family. Partly because it is so tricky to juggle kids and a career, many highly able women opt for jobs with predictable hours, such as human resources or accounting. They also gravitate towards fields where their skills are less likely to become obsolete if they take a career break, which is perhaps one reason why nearly two-thirds of new American law graduates are female but only 18% of engineers.Some governments try hard to help women combine a career and family. France and the Scandinavian countries help with child care. Creches and nurseries are subsidized. State schools will hang on to the little monsters well into the evening. This contrasts starkly with American and British schools, which boot them out long before an adult’s work day is over. American parents must also square the circle of ultra-short holidays for grown-ups and absurdly long ones for kids.Women bring unique strengths to a company, reckons Lisa Gersh, the boss of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, a merchandising and media firm founded by a lifestyle guru. They are more collaborative than men, says Ms. Gersh, and better at multitasking. Those with children quickly become efficient. They know that they have to be home at a certain time.1. Which of the following best summarizes the main focus of this passage?2. Which of the following statements can be inferred true according to the passage?3. All of the following are believed to account for the disproportionate representation of women in business top EXCEPT（）.4. Which of the following is NOT the advantage of career women according to the passage?5. To highlight his/her points and convince the readers, the author of this passage mainly relies on（）.

For players of online role-playing games such as EverQuest and World of Warcraft, battling monsters and amassing treasure is an enjoyable form of escapism. Yet the real and virtual worlds are increasingly intertwined. For many years, game items such as swords or gold have been traded online: virtual objects are sold for real money to the tune of at least $100 million a year. But the links between real and virtual economies are now becoming far more elaborate.Last month, a Project Entropia player paid the game’s creators $26,500 for an island in the game’s virtual world. (He hopes to recoup the money through the mining and selling plots to other players.) This month, an Ultima Online player set up a scheme to let playas donate items and currency for tsunami relief. Currency exchanges even allow gamers to move funds from one game to another.Not everyone approves: some games ban the sale of game items, a few encourage it, but most turn a blind eye. But the sale of the Project Entropia island, and the popularity of World of Warcraft, a game which bans the sale of in-game items, highlight an emerging split, says Edward Castronova, an expert on virtual economies at Indiana University. Project Entropia and its sort are intended to be alternative realities, often with a strong libertarian and free-trade bent. World of Warcraft and other similar games, in contrast, are fantasies with a strong sense of fair play in which status must be earned as part of rags-to-riches storyline—so trade in game items is deemed to be against the rules.Such bans are impossible to enforce. But World of Warcraft is designed to make trading less appealing, in two ways. The first is by improving the game design. If the early stages of a game are tedious, players are more inclined to skip them by buying rather than earning in-game items. World of Warcraft is fun right from the start, which seems to have reduced demand for in-game items on eBay. Trading can also be a symptom of mismanagement of the in-game’s economy. Inflation is rampant in most games, due to the convention that killing a monster yields a monetary reward; rising prices then fuel real-world trading. Hut newer games have more control over the money supply, which seems to reduce such trading.Normally, this newspaper’s devotion to free trade is unwavering. Yet, curbing the trade of in-game items is defensible, since game economies are run to maximize fun, not efficiency. While writing his forthcoming book, Synthetic Worlds, Mr. C’astronova has been pondering whether real economies could be run for fun too. “Wouldn’t that tip the economics texts on their beads?” he muses.1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possibility in online gaming?2. A player bought an island in an online game（）.3. According to Para. 3, most of the online games which have an economic aspect（）.4. According to Para. 4, how can improved online game design reduce the trade in online game items?5. Which of the following comes closest to the newspaper’s attitude to trading online game items?

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing problems, formulating options, estimating likelihood of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-to-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Iscnberg’s recent research on senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is indispensable from acting. Since mangers often “know” what right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/action cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great Uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/issue cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just implementing the solution.1. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT（）.2. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to（）.3. The passage suggests which of the following about “writers on management" mentioned in the Para. 2?4. Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha’ experience" as it is presented in the Para. 2?5. The passage provides support for which of the following statements?

Someone should have told Richard Nixon that his eyelids were betraying him. On August 22, 1973, during his first nationally televised press conference since the Senate’s Watergate investigation began six months earlier, the president maintained a calm, controlled lone of voice. But in answering such pointed questions as “Is there any limitation on the president, short of impeachment, to compel the production of evidence?” Nixon’s eyes became a blur. In an average minute he blinked 30 to 40 times. Unimpeachable adults blink only about 10 to 20 times a minute, and even that may be excessive; studies on infants show that the physical need to blink comes just once every two minutes.All these extra blinks represent more than just watery wipes for dry corneas. Some are dust induced; others are reflex blinks, protective responses to a tap on the forehead or the pop of a balloon. What’s left over is the thousands of blinks a day that seem to occur without cause and at random. But in fact these blinks are precisely timed, and they’re directly linked to what’s on our mind.Excitement, fatigue, and anxiety can all be detected from someone’s blinks, according to psychologist John Stern of Washington University in St. Louis. Stern has been interested in blinks ever since he watched Nixon parry press questions, and he specialized in the study on these tiny twitches, using them as sensitive probes of how the brain works.“I use blinks as a psychological measure to make inferences about thinking because I have very little faith in what you tell me about what you’re thinking,” he says. “If I ask you the question, ‘What does the phrase a rolling stone gathers no moss mean?’ you can’t tell me when you’ve started looking for the answer. But I can, by watching your eyes.”Blinks also tell Stern when you have understood his question―often long before he’s finished asking it—and when you’ve found an answer or part of one. “We blink at tunes that are psychologically important,” he says. “You have listened to a question, you understand it, now you can take time out for a blink- Blinks are punctuation marks. Their timing is tied to what is going on in your head.”Understandably, new acquaintances tend to squirm when Stern tells them what he does for a living. “They think I’ve been watching them blink,” he says, “which is not the case. They’ll say, ‘You mean you can tell how I’m thinking by my blinks?”’Then I tell them I can’t listen to them and watch them blink at the same time.”But few things do more to stir the urge to blink—and thus contaminate blink research-than the thought that someone is watching your eyes. “If I tell someone I’m watching them blink,” says Stern, “that immediately makes them uncomfortable. Eventually they’ll stop thinking about their blinks, but until they do, they blink at an abnormal rate,”This paradoxical effect forced pioneers in the field to carry out their experiments surreptitiously. In the 1920s the first blink researchers, two Scottish scientists from the University of Edinburgh, conducted their early studies in the backs of courtrooms, secretly watching the eyes of witnesses and trying to determine how their blinks reflected their testimony. The research was limited to counting blinks and comparing the rates for different situations. Crude as these studies were, they showed indisputably that anxiety-ridden situations, such as a cross-examination, do indeed tend to foster more blinks.Today’s researchers have upgraded their techniques considerably, and their interests have shifted from blink rates to blink replacement and duration. In Stern’s lab, subjects are wired with tiny electrodes above and below their eyes to measure the difference in the electric potential of the eye when it is open and closed. The volunteers ate told that the apparatus 13 only for measuring how the eyeball moves; in fact it times to the millisecond how long each component of a blink lasts and when the blink occurs in response to a given stimulus.Stern has found that subjects suppress blinks when they are absorbing or anticipating information but not when they’re reciting it. People blink later, for example, if they have to memorize six numbers instead of two. “You don’t blink” he says, “until you have committed the information to some short-term memory store.” And if subjects are cued that the set of numbers is coming in, say, five seconds, they’ll curb their blinks until the task is over.Similarly, the more important the information that people are taking in, the more likely they are to put their blinks on hold for it. Pilots blink less when they’re responsible for flying a plane than when they’re in the co-pilot’s seat. Drivers routinely blink when they shift their eyes from the road to the rearview mirror. But if they see the flashing lights of a state trooper behind them, their eyes will dart unmoistened to the speedometer and back to the mirror.This tendency to put blinks on the back burner whenever alertness is key has lured one of the nation’s leading students of alertness, the Air Force, into the blink business. It is working to observe not only the frequency but also the length of blinks (which increases with fatigue) ‘to gauge whether fliers are paying attention. “Blinks are relatively easy to monitor,” says James Miller, a research psychologist at Edwards Air Force Base in California. “For very little trouble, they give us a great deal of information about what’s going on in the brain.”Miller anticipates that in five or six years a blink-watching apparatus could be incorporated into the gear that pilots already wear. They wouldn’t necessarily have to don electrodes; rather, an invisible infrared light shining on their eyeball could reflect back to a detector and signal whether the eye was open or closed. “If the monitor showed something unusual,” says Miller, “we could then notify the pilot and perhaps pull him off the job.”Stern wishes such alertness monitors would be required for drivers as well. “What I would like to see,” he says, “is every car with a big red light on top that flashes when the driver has stopped paying attention. Then if I see that light flashing, I can get out of the way.”Such dreams, however, take a backseat to Stern’s latest interest: tackling the broader question of how people use their eyes to gather information. He’s widened his focus to include the interactions of blinks with two other elements of visual activity: movements of the eyes and head. During a blink, eyes tend to move to whatever will be their next position, and Stern finds that this happens, in particular, whenever the task being performed is a complex one. It seems that under certain conditions the brain links blinks with eye movements to reduce the time the eye spends out of service.Head movements also vary with the rigor of a task. Stern can usually identify when a reading child shifts from one line to the next because he’ll move his head—not just his eyes-to scan the line. “Adults will do the same thing when they’re reading difficult material,” Stern says, “but not when the reading is easy.”Stern’s continuing curiosity about blinks has been shared by few others over the years. But gradually the ranks of blink buffs are growing. “There are pockets of interest developing abroad,” he says. “A group in Japan sent someone to work in our lab last year and a group in Germany hopes to send someone soon. People are finally discovering how much the eyes can tell us about the brain.”1. The author’s primary purpose was to（）.2. When a person is listening intently, the eyes tend to（）.3. On the basis of the information in the passage, who do you think would benefit LEAST by eye blink research?4. Stern found that blinks were closely associated with all BUT which of the following?5. Which of the following could NOT be inferred true according to the passage?

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