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We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7 to 8 hours’ sleep alternation with some 16 to 17 hour’s wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally, takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.1.Why is the question of “how easily people can get used to working at night” not a mere academic question?2.The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in （）.3.The best solution for implementing the 24-liour working system seems to be （）. 4.It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because （）. 5.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a “new” feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1,000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information.The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly “cultural” as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult.While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic/cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension.In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.1.What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?2.The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because （）.3.The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that （）. 4.It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a dictionary, special thought should be given to （）. 5.What is the passage mainly about?

The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject. Too close a relation, and the writer may lose objectivity. Not close enough, and the writer may lack the sympathy necessary to any effort to portray a mind, a soul---the quality of life. Who should write the biography of a family, for example? Because of their closeness to the subject, family members may have special information, but by the same token, they may not have the distance that would allow them to be fair. Similarly, a king，s servant might not be the best one to write a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathy necessary to write the king's biography—not for a readership from within the kingdom, at any rate.There is no ideal position for such a task. The biographer has to work with the position he or she has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject. Every position has strengths and weaknesses: to thrive, a writer must try to become aware of these, evaluate them in terms of the subject, and select a position accordingly.When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographers often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. The biographies of Jesus found in the Bible are in this class.Biographers may claim that their account is “authentic” one. In advancing this claim, they are helped if the biography is “authorized” by the subject. This presumably allows the biographer special access to private information. “Unauthorized” biographers also have their appeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer. In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several “authentic” ones. We sense intuitively that no one is in a position to tell “the” story of a life, perhaps not even the subject, and this has been proved by the history of biography.1.According to the author, an ideal biographer would be one who （）.2.The author cites the biographies of Jesus in the Bible in order to show that （）. 3.Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage?4.An unauthorized biography is likely to attract more readers because （）. 5.In this passage, the author focuses on（）.

Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He or she asks the assembled crowd in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”，for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods. For the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called “sub basra,” meaning “under the spear”，a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”，a short candle was lit by the auctioneer; and bids could be made while it stayed alight.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot” is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order. He may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.1.Auctioned goods are sold （）.2.The end of the bidding is called “knocking down” because （）. 3.The Romans used to sell （） by auction.4.A candle used to bum at auction sales （）. 5.The auctioneer may decide to sell the out of order because（）.

Most charismatic （有魅力的）leaders make extensive use of anecdotes （趣闻轶事）. Message-sending anecdotes relate to such subjects as a company president going out of his way to help an individual customer, or a lower-ranking employee who defied higher authority in order to meet her job responsibilities. In the latter instance, a receptionist at IBM denied admission to the company chairman, Tom Watson, because he was not wearing a security badge. Instead of firing the young woman, Watson praised her devotion to duty.Several years ago, the Ford Motor Company announced far-reaching changes that would affect how cars were manufactured and how employees would work together. A senior Ford executive was chosen to deliver the closing remarks to a group of 300 Ford managers gathered to learn about the changes.Toward the close of the speech, the executive told a story about Willie B., a gorilla who lived for twenty-seven years in isolation in a dreary Atlanta zoo. He said that he had raised money for a state-of-the-art gorilla habitat. Willie B., for the first time in his life, would now live in a gorilla-friendly, close-to-nature environment. Yet somehow, Willie B. was slow to adapt to his new environment.It took the gorilla several days to fully explore his new habitat. A photographer caught the moment when Willie B. tested the grass with a toe. The Ford executive hangs a framed photograph of this incident in his office. “It's there,” he said, “to remind me that no matter how attractive the new surroundings might appear, it takes time and courage to leave the comfortable security of a place—even an ugly cramped （狭窄的）space---that you know well.”At the moment the meeting ended, meeting participants came over to the speaker to express how much the speech had touched them. The story about the gorilla brought tears to the eyes of many. Of significance to the organization, many probably left the conference with an understanding of how difficult the coining changes were going to be for employees.Becoming an effective storyteller requires practice. However, the skill is well worth developing because of its contribution to a person’s magnetism and leadership ability. Create a useful anecdote file of your own. Collect anecdotes about things you observe personally, those you hear from others, and those you read in books, magazines, and newsletters. Anecdotes can also be found in books and newsletters about speech making. Attempt to screen out those anecdotes that are widely used because stale anecdotes bore audiences.1.Why did Tom Watson praise the female employee in the second example cited in the first paragraph?2.The life of Willie B. used to be （）.3.The story of Willie B. shows that （）. 4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?5.We can safely conclude from the passage that the Ford senior executive（）.

We left the meeting, there obviously（）no point in staying.

The public is very （）about the government’s plans for a tax cut.

The manager needs an assistant that he can （）to take care of problems in his absence.

The machine looked like a large,（） , old-fashioned typewriter.

The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, （）more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.

The group of technicians are engaged in a study which （）all aspects of urban planning.

The European Union countries were once worried that they would not have （）supplies of petroleum.

The advertisement says this material doesn't （）in the wash, but it has.

That the driver （）in order to avoid an accident could be proven by examining the marks on the pavement.

Salaries for （）positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.

Politically these nations tend to be （），with very high birth rates but poor education and very low levels of literacy.

Poetry is a natural or （）overflow of powerful feelings.

Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people （）harm them.

No matter how frequently （），the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.

It is said in some parts of the world, goats, rather than cows, serve as a vital （）of milk.

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