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The student said there were a few points in the essay he （）impossible to comprehend.

It is not （）much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.

She （）fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.

Linda was （）the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.

If only the patient （）a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.

“You （）borrow my notes provided you take care of them,” I told my friend

There are as good fish in the sea （）ever came out of it.

Present your perspective on the issue below, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views. 200 words are necessary for an effective writing.“No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.”

Put the following 10 sentences into Chinese.The purpose behind such attempts is to influence public opinion and justify the aggressive war. I believe, there are few in England who know me at all who do not know me as an Irish Catholic.Books are the best, well used; abused, among the worst.If a specific relationship seems to be true in a number of cases, without any exceptions, then it may be hypothesized that the relationship holds in general.Large fields of the same crop also result in rapid multiplication of destructive insects.Market research is a study of the requirements of various markets, the acceptability of products, and the methods of developing or exploiting new markets.With more and more women entering the rank of management, researchers begin to explore the relationship between gender and leadership.Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it.Many scientific inventions or establishments originated from Europe were first to be applied or implemented in USA.It is unavoidable that people of two generations and even those of the same age differ in their values and pursuits.

Nothing in the history of modem astronomy has excited as much speculation as the object, or event, known as a black hole. Black holes have provided endless imaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endless theoretical fodder for astrophysicists. They are one of the more exotic manifestations of the theory of general relativity, and their fascination lies in the way their tremendous gravity affects nearby space and time.A black hole is very simple in structure: it has a surface — the event horizon — and a center —the singularity. Everything else is gravity. The standard model for the formation of a black hole involves the collapse of a lager star. The imaginary spherical surface surrounding the collapsed star is the event horizon —an artificial boundary in pace that marks a point of no return. Outside the event horizon, gravity is strong but finite, and it is possible for objects to break free of its pull. However, once within the event horizon, an object would need to travel faster than light to escape.For extremely massive stars, the exclusion principle — the resistance between the macular particle within the star as they are compressed 一 will not be strong enough to offset the gravity generated by the star’s own mass. The star’s increasing density will overwhelm the exclusion principle. What follows is runaway gravitational collapse. With no internal force to stop it, the star will simply continue to collapse in on itself. Once a collapsing star has contracted through its event horizon, nothing can stop it from collapsing further until its entire mass is crushed down to a single point — a point of infinite density and zero volume-toe singularity.The star now disappears from the perceivable universe, like a cartoon character that jumps in to a hole and pulls the hole in after him. What this process leaves behind is a deterrent kind of hole — a profound disturbance in space-time, a region where gravity is, so intense that nothing can escape from it. Any object falling within the boundary of a black hole has no choice but to move inward toward the singularity and disappear from our universe forever. Moreover, a black hole can never be plugged up or filled in with matter: the more matter that is pound into a black hole the bigger it gets.A What would happen to objects, such as astronauts, as they vanished into a black hole? B Physicists have been amusing themselves with this question for years, and most believe that the intense gravitational forces would rip apart the astronauts long before they were crushed at the singularity. C Theoretically, any astronauts who mortgaged to survive the passage would encounter some very strange things. D For instance, they would experience acute time distortion, which would enable them to know, in a few brief seconds, the entire future of the universe.Inside a black hole, space arid time are so warped that the distance from the event horizon to the singularity is not a distance in space in the normal sense what we can measure in kilometers. Instead, it becomes a distance in time. The time it takes to reach the singularity from the event horizon — as measured by someone falling in — is proportional to the mass of the black hole.The only way what astronauts would know whether they had crossed the event horizon would be if tried to halt their fall and climb out again by firing their engines enough to push themselves back from the center of the hole. However, because of the time warp, if the astronauts tried to do this, they would reach the singularity faster than if they had left their engines off. Moreover, since they could get no farther once they reached the singularity, this point would mark the end of time itself.1.The word fodder in paragraph I is closest in meaning to （）.2.The opposing force between the molecular particles inside a star is called （）. 3.Why does the author mention a cartoon character in paragraph 4?4.Astronaut who fell into a black hole would probably experience all of the following EXCEPT （）. 5.The phrase “this point” in paragraph seven refers to（）.

Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. “Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modem word, not only would we not have cars and television set, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys" of much of the self's behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology”.Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human, relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary, documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physic in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.1.According to the passage, it has been suggested that the science of human relations was slow to develop because（）.2.Which of the following claims supports the author’s statement that “Psychology holds a unique position among the sciences，’？3.According to the passage, an understanding of the self can be （）. 4.The author implies that attempts to treat human relations scientifically have thus far been relatively （）. 5.It can be inferred that the author assumes that common sense knowledge of human relations is（）.

Although we can imagine life based on something other than carbon chemistry, we know of no examples to tell us how such life might arise and survive. We must limit our discussion to life as we know it and the conditions it requires. The most important requirement is the presence of liquid water, not only as part of the chemical reactions of life, but also as a medium to transport nutrients and wastes within the organism.The water requirement automatically eliminates many worlds in our solar system. The moon is airless, and although some data suggest ice frozen in the soil at its poles, it has never had liquid water on its surface. In the vacuum of the lunar surface, liquid water would boil away rapidly. Mercury too is airless and cannot have had liquid water on its surface for long periods of time. Venus has some traces of water vapor in its atmosphere, but it is much too hot for liquid water to survive. If there were any lakes or oceans of water on its surface when it was young, they must have evaporated quickly. Even if life began there, no traces would be left now.The inner solar system seems too hot, and the outer solar system seems too cold. The Jovian planets have deep atmospheres, and at a certain level, they have moderate temperatures where water might condense into liquid droplets. But it seems unlikely that life could begin there. The Jovian planets have no surfaces where oceans could nurture the beginning of life, and currents in the atmosphere seem destined to circulate gas and water droplets from regions of moderate temperature to other levels that are much too hot or too cold for life to survive.A few of the satellites of the Jovian planets might have suitable conditions for life. Jupiter’s moon Europa seems to have a liquid-water ocean below its icy crust, and minerals dissolved in that water would provide a rich broth of possibilities for chemical evolution. Nevertheless, Europa is not a promising site to search for life because conditions may not have remained stable for the billions of years needed for life to evolve beyond the microscopic stage. If Jupiter’s moonsinteract gravitationally and modify their orbits, Europa may have been frozen solid at some points in history.Saturn’s moon Titan has an atmosphere of nitrogen, argon and methane and may have oceans of liquid methane and ethane on its surface. The chemistry of life that might crawl or swim on such a world is unknown, but life there may be unlikely because of the temperature. The surface of Titan is a deadly-179 °C (-290° F). Chemica) reactions occur slowly or not at all at such low temperatures, so the chemical evolution needed to begin life may never have occurred on Titan.Mars is the most likely place for life in our solar system. The evidence, however, is not encouraging. Meteorite ALH84001 was found on the Antarctic ice in 1984. It was probably part of debris ejected into space by a large impact on Mars. ALH84001 is important because a team of scientists studied it and announced in 1996 that it contained chemical and physical traces of ancient life on Mars.Scientists were excited too, but being professionally skeptical, they began testing the results immediately. In many cases, the results did not confirm the conclusion that life once existed on Mars. Some chemical contamination from water on Earth has occurred, and some chemicals in the meteorite may have originated without the presence of life. The physical features that look like fossil bacteria may be mineral formations in the rock.Spacecraft now visiting Mars may help us understand the past history of water there and paint a more detailed picture of present conditions. Nevertheless, conclusive evidence may have to wait until a geologist in a space suit can wander the dry streambeds of Mars cracking open rocks and searching for fossils.We are left to conclude that, so far as we know, our solar system is bare of life except for Earth. Consequently, our search for life in the universe takes us to other planetary systems.1.The word automatically in the passage is closest in meaning to （）.2.Which of the following statements about the water on Venus is true?3.How will scientists confirm the existence of life on Mars?4.According to paragraph 5, why would life on Titan be improbable?5.Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about life in our solar system?

The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed—natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling...What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the world’s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you’ll get rid of that terrible hum.1.The statement “In my bridge less fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.” (Para. 2) suggests that （）.2.Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?3.Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?4.Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph indicates the fridge’s negative effect on the environment?5.What is the author’s overall attitude toward fridges?

Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject, which has blighted their holidays and mined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style, of thesis, too.1.By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time（）.2.Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students’ theses within four years is lower than （）. 3.All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC’s policy except （）. 4.The ESRC would prefer （）. 5.What the ESRC can do is to（）.

The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.1.The word "spas" (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to （）.2.Early fitness spas were intended mainly for （）. 3.What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?4.People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out （）. 5.Recent studies have suggested that weight training（）.

It has often been my fate — perhaps the expatriate's fate in general, perhaps merely the self-hater’s — to be against things. As an American, I have frequently seemed anti-American; as an educated person, I'm often anti-intellectual. When I taught at Harvard, I was anti-Harvard. All of those make me, I suppose, a rather good European, since Europeans are, at heart, suspicious of every form belonging, and great believers in the non-conformist life.These days more than ever, Europeans seem to harbor immense suspicious, if not disdain, toward the US as former Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev put it recently in the Washington Post, “The world doesn't want to be American.” Indeed, here in Europe, many citizens tremble at the very thought. Why? Aside, of course, from the facile and one-dimensional explanation of jealousy, isn't the rest of the free and not-so-free world bursting at the seams to be like the citizens of the country that brought us life, liberty and — that anthem of the modem age — the pursuitof happiness?One reason, it occurs to me, is simple and yet profound; America lacks charm. My sister-in-law, a single French welfare mother who lives in a beautiful provincial village with four boys between 4 and 18, all at home, seems to me, despite her difficulties, to have more charm in her life — the weekly trips to the market, the occasional glass of red wine, the tilted roofs and stone walls of the village itself — than many a millionaire in my great home state of Texas. (How horrible! The Puritan mind claims, a welfare mother with a glass of wine! In France, however, even welfare mothers are entitled to the occasional red wine.) And my impoverished sister-in-law, unlike so many of those millionaires, knows, in the words of Guy de Maupassant, how "to be charming with nothing at all".1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is （）.2.From the passage, what kind of person can we assume the author is?3.According to the author, how are the attitudes changing towards America?4.Which of the following opinions can be inferred from the passage?5.What does the author find most charming in the French village?

The diversity of tropical plants in the region represents a seemingly （）source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.

A balance of international payment refers to the net result of the business which a nation （）with other nations in a given period.

To say that a soldier fought in battle like lion may be a descriptive（） , but it does not mean that he was on all fours roaring and wagging his tail.

Basic research provides the （）fund of scientific knowledge, on which the applied researchers draw to give society a rich rate of interest.

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