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Fewer and fewer of today’s workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field,（）the same company.

It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial （）will be conducted by computer.

The vast majority of people in any given culture will（）to the established standards of that culture.

If you want this pain-killer, you’ll have to ask the doctor for a（）.

His argument does not suggest that mankind can（）to be wasteful in the utilization of these resources.

Over the last fifteen years, jogging has become a popular（）for 30 million participants of all ages.

A terrible traffic accident happened; people were saddened when they watched the（）sight on TV.

If we（）our relations with that country, we’ll have to find another supplier of raw materials.

If a person talks about his weak points, his listener is expected to say something in the way of（）.

A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should（）new operating procedures.

Although cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more（）to light than are human eyes.

Some criminals were printing（）dollar bills until they were arrested.

In this poor country, survival is still the leading industry; all else is（）.

The government has devoted a larger slice of its national（）to agriculture than most other countries.

Directions: Choose ONE of the following three topics and write an essay of no fewer than 200 words.Topic 1: What are the uses of liberal arts education (人文教育)？Topic 2: What does theory mean to you?Topic 3: “In order to make a man or boy desire a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain.” (Mark Twain)

What’s your earliest memory? Do you remember learning to walk? The birth of a sibling? Nursery school? Adults rarely remember events from much before kindergarten, just as children younger than 3 or 4 seldom recall any specific experiences (as distinct from general knowledge). Psychologists have floated all sorts of explanations for this “childhood amnesia”. The reductionists appealed to the neurological, arguing that the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for forming memories, doesn’t mature until about the age of 2. But the reigning theory holds that since adults do not think like children, they cannot access childhood memories. Adults are stuck with grown-up “schema”, the bare bones of narratives. When they i.ilTle through the mental filing cabinet in search of fratiments of childhood memories to hang on this narrative skeleton，according to this theory, they don’t find any that It's like trying to find a French word in an English index.(1)Now psychologist Katharine Nelson of the City University of New York offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. She argues that Children don’t even form lasting, long-term memories until they learn to use someone else’s description of those experiences to turn their own short-term，fleeting recollections of them into permanent inemories.(2) In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them ---- hear Mom recount that day’s trip to the dinosaur museum, hear Dad remember aloud their trip to the amusement park.Why should memory depend so heavily on narrative? Nelson marshals evidence that the mind structures remembrances that way. Children whose mothers talk about the day’s activities as they wind down toward bedtime，for instance，remember more of the day’s special events than do children whose mothers don’t offer this novelistic framework. (3) Talking about an event in a narrative way helps a child remember it. And learning to structure memories as a long-running narrative，Nelson suggests，is the key to a permanent “autobiographical meinory’’，the specific remembrances that fomi one’s life story. (4) (What you had for lunch yesterday isn’t part of it; what you ate on your first date with your future spouse may be.)Language, of course, is the key to such a narrative. Children learn to engage in talk about the past. The establishment of these memories is related to the experience of talking to other people about them. In particular, a child inust recognize that a retelling ---- of that museum trip，say ---- is just the trip itself in another medium，that of speech rather than experience. (5) That doesn’t happen until the child is perhaps four or five. By the time she’s ready for kindergarten she’ll remember all sorts of things. And she may even, by then, have learned not to blurt them out in public.

The sense of smell controls our behavior in ways we may be aware of only on an intuitive subconscious level. Generally, it is often（1）and taken for granted. But as one research observed, “Of all the senses, none surely is so（2）as that of smell, its effects（3）the psychology are both wide and deep, at once（4）and subtle.”In Europe, and in France（5）, the ancient and arcane semi-science of aroma therapy is widely accepted as almost a（6）discipline. Not so in the United States, where the use of essential oils（7）from herbs, fruits, flowers or other plant life has been（8）mainly to cosmetics, massage oils and skincare emollients.That’s changing, thanks to a number of serious scientific studies coupled with a new technology that is exploding in Japan and is beginning to make significant inroads in the American market. Environmental fragrancing,（9）it is known, involves dispensing computer-controlled fragrances in the home or workplace at（10）times of the day for specific purposes — to stimulate energy, to enhance creativity or to soothe frayed nerves.

One of the most influential literary figures of the twentieth century was American authorGertrude Stein. Her literary style and vision was often a radical departure from traditional methods, which relied on a more linear plotline. Instead, Stein focused on language itself by employing methods of repetition and spontaneity in an attempt to mirror human consciousness. But, Stein’s influence did not stop with her writing. As an expatriate in Paris, she was responsible for bring some of the greatest minds in ai t and literature together at her apartment, Salon 27. The Spanish painter Pablo Picasso and American writer Ernest Hemingway were two frequent visitors. Indeed, Stein was the one who coined the phrase “Lost Generation” to denote up-and-coming American writers living in Paris at the time mainly due to their disillusionment with art as a whole back home. While Gertrude Stein may not be the most recognizable figure in literature, her personal and literary influence on artists was invaluable.Stein began living in Paris in 1903. Eventually, her flat. Salon 27. became a center of intellectual exchange for writers and artists. Before long, she became an integral part of the artistic and literary scene in the city and befriended numerous important figures, such as Picasso and Matisse. They would meet there weekly, where they could expound on new theories of art, philosophy, literature, politics, and social issues in the stimulating, productive environment provided by Stein. Without Stein’s Salon 27, it is quite possible that many of the artists and writers of the day never would have crossed paths, and the individual disciplines would not have become as diverse or fully developed as they eventually did. These interactions also became a major inlluence on Stein’s own literary style.Stein became enamored with Picasso’s cubist style, and, as a result, many of his earliest works adorned the walls of her apartment. But they were not simply decorative. Cubism attempts to reduce the subject from its natural form into an abstract, geometrical shape capable of numerous angles of perception. In a similar fashion, Stein attempted to interpret cubism through literature and writing. Like cubist painters, Stein wrote in a style that took into consideration every possible angle of her subject matter. She wanted to give readers the opportunity to view her work on many different levels, not just a single, flat surface. But, unlike the cubists 'vho relied on formal structure to some degree，Stein took it a step further and placed less emphasis on formal writing structures such as grammar and syntax and focused more on what she called “automatic” language, which was spontaneous and repetitive and relied more on the spoken word.In many ways, Stein’s writing mirrors the chaotic, detached atmosphere of post-World War I Paris, yet it also marks the moment when literature began to leave the nineteenth century behind in favor of a more modernist style of imagination and innovation. It is also a clear precursor of stream of consciousness, which dominated writing styles during the rest of the twentieth century in America. While Stein was able to capitalize on artistic renditions of life and translate them into literature, other artists benefited from her willingness to reject the accepted traditions and create her own. For instance, Hemingway’s style in many of his early novels is clearly influenced by Stein.1. The author’s description of Gertrude Stein mentions which of the following?2. The author discusses “Salon 27” in the second paragraph in order to（）.3. According to the third paragraph, Stein followed the cubist style because（）.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in the third paragraph?5. According to the last paragraph, Stein’s style is a product of the era because（）.

The new miracle of the medical world is the stem cell, a marvel of human nature in that it can become any of nearly 220 cell types that constitute the human body. It is often called a blank cell that can be programmed to become other cells. Researchers predict that, by using stem cells, they can create organs that can be transplanted into people who desperately need them to save their lives. The most common source of stem cells is the human embryo, the initial stage of human life after a female egg is impregnated by a male sperm. In this very fact lies an ethical conundrum that has rocked both the medical and political landscape of the United States and other countries. Coupled with this is new research in cloning, which has seen some success in developing animal species without the use of normal birthing procedures. All of these areas of research are making quite a few people nervous about both the sources of stem cells and where the research is taking mankind.Most stem cell-containing embryos come from four different sources: fertility clinics which often store more human embryos than are needed; fetuses from unwanted pregnancies that are aborted; therapeutic cloning, which is when a human egg is stimulated into an embryo-like state; and custom-fertilization in which a human egg is deliberately fertilized with sperm to create an embryo in order to harvest its stem cells. Morally many people are outraged by these sources, claiming that human life is not something that should be tampered with and created just for scientific and medical purposes. At the core of this debate is the issue of what really constitutes a human being, with one side claiming a human does not exist until born from its mother while the other side claims that once egg and sperm meet, life has begun.The United States government has taken an active role in the debate and is consciously looking at the voting booth while making decisions regarding stem cell research. The government gave the go-ahead for federal spending on stem cell research but limited activity to specimens that already existed, meaning no new embryos could be created solely for stem cell research. Similar laws regarding cloning research have been proposed, including therapeutic cloning. Many universities and research centers worry that these laws may cause their best and brightest scientists to seek appointments overseas, where stem cell research is not so controversial.1. According to the first paragraph, a stem cell is unlike other cells because（）.2. According to the second paragraph, all of the following are sources of stein cells EXCEPT（）.3. According to the second paragraph, the main debate concerning stem cell sources revolves around（）.4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in the last paragraph?5.According to the third paragraph, American universities and research institutes are worried about（）.

A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880s, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers’ efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packing-houses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked.The history may be too optimistic because most of its data from the 1880s and the information provided from that decade are insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880s and continued to decline after the 1880s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry’s workers from the 1880s on. While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched. The author’s misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history’s faulty generalizations.The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packers ——the giant yards and the intricate plants ---- than of the unity and vibrancy(活跃)of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicago’s South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.1. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing（）.2.The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT（）.3.The author of the passage mentions the “social movement” (in the last paragraph) generated by Chicago’s South Side community primarily in order to（）.4.According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880s were influenced by（）.5. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to（）.

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