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The（）young hopefuls were pushed aside in the scramble for jobs.

Fertilizer, natural substance or mixture is used to（）soil so as to promote plant growth.

Study can help us look into the future and（）confused thinking.

As a junior assistant manager, he had been selected for（）.

She decided to（）her studies after obtaining her first degree.

In the（）of this earthquake, many national and international communities offered help and assistance.

The device can（）different measurements by electronics means.

Luckily, there were no secondary infections and both of the patients（）.

Harnessing the wind to（）electricity dates back to 1890.

The（）from Africa’s booming oil sales rarely reaches the people who live where the oil is produced..

The company expanded its business into Europe, hoping to（）.

Passengers have to pay（）charges for their extra language.

Hard work can（）your success in learning a foreign language.

The two countries have（）friendly relations for many years.

The mountain top was（）visible in the misty summer morning.

We should maintain our cultural（），which represents the deep memory of our nation.

The reason that the city attracts lots of inhabitants lies in that it’s a city of（）.

Directions: Choose ONE of the following three topics and write an essay of no fewer than 200 words.Topic 1. Ways to control traffic in big cities like ChengduTopic 2. What does academic ethics(学术道德)mean to you?Topic 3. Wliat are your expectations of the Ph. D. program?

A popular way of mustering innovative and fresh ideas is to hold a brainstorming session—but according to a paper published recently in Applied Cognitive Psychology, this may not be the best approach. The study, which was carried out by Nicholas Kohn of the University of Texas at Arlington and Steven Smith of Texas A&M University, suggests that instead of enhancing creativity. brainstoiTnin.u sessions may give rise to a “collaborative fixation” on certain ideas.(1)In keeping with previous studies, the authors first found that participants produced fewer ideas in total when taking part in a brainstorming session than if they had been working separately. The difference was as high as 44% in the first 5 minutes of a brainstorming session. The authors also found that when working separately particii)ants explored a greater variety of ideas, up to 55% more idea categories than dm.ing brainstomiing sessions. (2)In a second experiment, the researchers found that participants in a brainstorming session tended to conform to ideas to which they were exposed, and the rate of conformity increased as the number of ideas exposed increased. (3) The authors wrote in their paper “Fixation to other people’s ideas can occur unconsciously and lead to you suggesting ideas that mimic your brainstoniiin» partners.’’ (4)Thus, you potentially become less creative,” Kohn explains in an accompanying press release. This doesn’t necessarily mean that you should ban brainstorming sessions from your lab meetings. You might just need to adjust the format. It seems odd, but, depending on what you want to achieve, the best approach might be to put everyone in a separate room. “Assuming it is desirable to have a wide variety of ideas or solutions to a problem...then one should split the brainstorming group into non-interacting individuals, avoiding a group session,” the authors write in their research paper. “On the other hand, if the goal is to explore a few categories in depth, then interacting among the members should be encouraged. Also, taking a break might help alleviate fixation, leading to an improvement in ideation, especially in temis of the quantity and variety of ideas. (5)’’

I told my friend Graham that I often cycle the two miles from my house to the town centre blit unfortunately there is a big hill on the route. He replied, “You mean fortunately.” He explained that I should be glad of the extra exercise that the hill provided.My attitude to the hill has now changed. I used to (1) as I approached it but now I tell myself the following. This hill will exercise my heart and lungs. It will help me to lose (2) and get fit. It will mean that I live longer. This hill is my friend. Finally as I wind my way up the incline, I (3) myself with the thought of all those silly people who pay money to go to a gym and sit on stationery exercise bicycles when I can get the same value for (4). I have a smile of satisfaction as I reach the top of the hill.Problems (5) be faced and overcome. We cannot achieve anything with an easy life. Helen Keller was the first deaf and blind person to gain a university degree. Her activism and writing proved inspirational. She wrote, “ (6) cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experiences of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved.”One of the main (7) of success in life is our attitude towards adversity. From time to time, we all face hardships, problems, accidents, afflictions and difficulties. Some are of our (8) but many confront us through no fault of our own. While we cannot choose the adversity we can choose our attitude towards it.How can you change your attitude towards the adversity that you face? Try these steps: Confront the problem. Do not avoid it. Deliberately take a (9) attitude and write down some benefits or advantages of the situation. Visualize how you will feel when you overcome this obstacle. Develop an action plan for how to tackle it. Smile and get cracking.The biographies of great people are littered with examples of how they took these kinds of steps to overcome the difficulties they faced. The common thread is that they did not become defeatist or depressed. They chose their attitude. They (10) to be positive.They took on the challenge. They won.

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