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Some people think that a （）translation, or word-for-word translation, is easier than a free translation.

Over the last fifteen years, running has become a popular （）for 30 million participants of all ages.

Many tourists were （）by the city’s complicated traffic system.

A terrible traffic accident happened; people were saddened when they watched the（）sight on TV.

Movie directors use music to（） the action on the screen.

If we（） our relations with that country, we’ll have to find another supplier of raw materials.

Her interest in redecorating the big house kept her （）for a whole week.

If a person talks about his weak points, his listener is expected to say something in the way of （）.

Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job, education is one of the most（） areas in Japanese life.

Some people think that, as scientists contribute more to the development of our society than other people, science students should get more financial support from the government than other students get. Do you agree or disagree?You are to write an essay of about 200 words, commenting and expressing your views on the topic.

来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余 5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7 天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所待的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5 人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。

E-mail is now one the fastest ways to gain or lose potential customers because of the ability to deliver information fast to an enormous amount of people. After sending a small you are no longer in control of the effects of the message and can only wait in suspense.An employee of your company started off his/her day in a bad mood. A potential customer emails them with a trivial question and they reply with a brash （无礼的）tone. Do you think the recipient will use your company? On the Internet word travels fast. It takes me 3 minutes to send email to 50-100 people. Therefore your company can lose 100 current or potential customers with the brash email sent out by your employee. This can happen in a matter of minutes. Speaking from personal experience I sent out what I considered a helpful message concerning a version the Internet. One person thought it was quite annoying because they knew that some of these messages are merely hoaxes （恶作剧）. The message I received, without a doubt, shot lightning ballistic me. What did I do? I apologized. I visited their site to see what kind of business they were in all. I knew that if someone had ever asked me to give them information about products relating to what they sold, I would most likely say, do not use “this company”. I find that it is most helpful to search newsgroups for my company name to see if good or bad things are being said about me. Try searching for Microsoft or Netscape and see what results are presented to you. Remember newsgroups are simply meeting places on the Internet where people exchange information. Most people know that the best business comes from word of mouth or “word of email.”Back to the story. After I sent my apology I received a reply the next day stating that they were sorry for what they had said. Problem solved. I now do not have a problem recommending that company to a friend. On some occasion a brash answer is responded to with a blush reply. Those are the lucky ones. Be careful, there are many vindictive (报复性的) people will reply to brashness by breaking into your entire site and demonstrating how angry they are with you. I cannot and will not try to break into someone’s website but people who are more knowledgeable can and do.

By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants （新教徒）lived to America. Although the Church of England was an established church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony. Already they had begun to influence each other. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations.At the same time the works of John Locke were becoming known in America. John Locke reasoned that the right to govern comes from an agreement or “social contract” voluntarily entered into by free people. The Puritan experience in forming congregations made this idea seem natural to many Americans. Taking it out of the realm of social theory, they made it a reality and formed a nation.It was politics and not religion that most occupied Americans’ minds during the War of Independence and for years afterward. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs.Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however, that, as the Declaration of Independence states，” all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,” and that “the laws of Nature and Nature’s God” entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion.The First Amendment （修正案）to the Constitution of the United States forbade new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or otherwise of religion. The United States would have no state-supported religion in this way, those men who formulated the principal tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that diversity of religion belief should never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection.The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens. But did it mean that government would be religiously neutral, treating all religions alike?In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes to the United States Presidents and other political leaders often call on God to bless the American nation and people. Those whose religion forbids them to fight can perform other services instead of becoming soldiers. But government does not pay ministers salaries or require any belief-not even a belief in God - as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead.The truth is that for some purposes government ignores religion and for other purposed it treats all religions alike at least as far as is practical. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them.1.What is the Great Awakening?2.What controlled Americans’ minds during the War of Independence?3.（） entitled Americans to have the freedom of religion.4. In the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, it is stipulated that5.Which of the following is the proof that the government ignores religion in some ways?

A well-established distinction in memory theory is that between short-term and long-term memory. The former refers to our ability to do such things as remember telephone numbers long enough to dial them, the latter-concerns the wide range of ways in which experience can affect behavior many years later. Given the two different kinds of ability, it is reasonable to hypothesize that each is represented differently in the brain. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term memory implies a chemical change in the brain cells, while short-term memory involves patterns of impulses in electric of serve cells.One group of rats were taught to run through a maze. Five minutes after learning the task, they were cooled to 5°C, the temperature at which all electrical activity in the brain ceased. They were ten kept at this temperature for 15 minutes before being allowed to their normal temperature. They were then run through the maze, again.A second group of rats were taught to run the same maze, and then immediately cooled to 5 °C for 15 minutes. Alter being allowed to return to their temperature, an attempt was made to run the second group through the maze again. It was found that rats in the first group had no difficulty with the maze the second time, suggesting that they did not have to relearn the task. Rats in the second group which was cooled immediately after learning the maze, on the other hand, could not negotiate the maze successfully, i.e., they apparently could not remember what they had learned.It was conclude from this experiment that short-time memory (in rats, at least) is unlike long-term memory. Short-term memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory. Long-term memory, in contrast, is unaffected by the disruption of electrical activity and may involve structural changes in brain cells.1.What is the main idea of this passage?2.Remembering address belongs to（） .3.The experiments of two groups（） .4.If rats cooled to 5℃ for 15 minutes immediately, what will happen after being allowed to return to their normal temperature?5.Electrical impulses affect（） .

In a primary school, a child is in a comparatively simple setting and most of the forms a relationship with one familiar teacher. On entering secondary school, a new world opens up and frequently it is a much more difficult world. The pupil soon learns to be less free in the way he speaks to teachers and even to his fellow up pupils. He begins to lose gradually the free and easy ways of the primary school, for he senses the need for a more cautious approach in the secondary school where there are older pupils. Secondary staff and pupils suffer from the pressure of academic work and seem to have less time to stop and talk. Teachers with specialist roles may see hundreds of children in a week, and a pupil may be able to form relationship with very few of the staff. He has to decide which adults are approachable; good schools will make clear to every young person from the first year what guidance and personal help is available but whether the reality of life in the institution actually encourages requests for help is another matters.Adults often forget what a confusing picture school can offer to a child. He sees a great deal of movement, a great number of people-often rather frightening-looking people-and realizes that an increasing number of choices and decision have to be made. As he progresses through the school the confusion may become less but the choices and decisions required will increase. The school will rightly expect the pupil to take the first steps to obtain the help he needs, for this is the pattern of adult life for which he has to be prepared, but all the time the opportunity personal and group advice must be presented in a way which makes them easy to understand and within easy reach of pupils.1.According to the passage one of the problems for pupils entering secondary schools is that （） 2.In secondary schools every pupil having problems should（） .3.In this passage about secondary schools, the author is mainly concerned about （）.4.Which of the following statements is true?5.What is the main idea of this passage?

Baltimore was founded in 1729. For a generation it seemed no different from a dozen other settlements springing up at the head of the Chesapeake Bay; its claim to distinction consisted of a black smith’s shop, flour mill, and tobacco warehouse. Yet Baltimore was fated for a more dynamic future than its slow beginning seemed to portend. Spurred by an agricultural revolution in the Maryland and Pennsylvania country sides as well as dramatic disruption in the Atlantic economy, Baltimore at mid century began to boom. By 1790 it had risen to become the new republic’s, fourth largest city with aspirations to overtake the three still ahead: New York, Philadelphia, and Boston.Although the Baltimore of the Jeffersonian are looked “utterly unlike the colonial village from which it had emerged, the two shared more than might be apparent at first glance.” Baltimore’s economy had expanded tremendously, to be sure, but the same forces that sparked expansion around 1750 continued to sustain it fifty years later. Despite the establishment of new governments at the state level in 1776, national level in 1788, and municipal level in 1797, the same festering issues continued to convulse its politics. If Baltimore had become richer and bigger, its occupational structure, wealth distribution and residential patterns would have withstood the pressures of growth and looked about the same in 1790 as in 1812. In other words, the frenzied and seemingly chaotic pace of urbanization, Baltimore enjoyed a strong, element of stability for in 1812, no less than 1729, Baltimore was a pre-industrial town.1.In what year was Baltimore established?2.Which of the following was not one of the nation’s three largest cities in 1790?3.In line 13, the word “sparked” could best be replaced by which of the following?4.What level of government was established in 1788?5.Which of the following statements about the Baltimore of 1812 can be inferred from the passage?

There are some 65 species of New World monkeys. Many of these have a very useful anatomical adaptation lacking in their old world counterparts that curious “fifth hand’’, the prehensile （适手抓住的）tail. And in a few species the gripping tail has developed to such as extent that is actually has “fingerprints” on the tip. While of course a tail is not-accepted with fingers, it can sometimes be even more useful than an arm or a leg. A spider monkey’s tail, for instance, is longer than its head and body combined, and is frequently used instead of a hand to grasp distant objects. Other monkeys less fortunate are forced to relegate at least one limb to support while they feed, whereas monkeys endowed with prehensility can hang by their tails while they feast with both hands and feet. A few New World monkeys have also evolved arms and shoulders that are suitable for swinging hand over hand through the trees like the Asiatic gibbons.1.The passage mainly discusses（） .2.The author probably believes that a monkey uses its prehensile tail especially for3.In the second sentence, the word “their” refers to（） .4.It can be inferred from the passage that the Asiatic gibbons and certain New World monkeys are similar in what respect?5.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the information in the passage?

There are several landladies approved by the university who take in （）.

The Government is likely to （）with the opposition on the new tax proposals.

Wages for worker in the public（） of the economy don’t always keep up with thosefor worker in the private one.

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