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Readers are required to comply with the rules of the library and mind their manners.

There is always excitement at the Olympic Games when a previous record or performance is surpassed.

Ships passing on the high seas exchanged salutes by lowering and raising their flags once.

He will be considered to have nothing less than full acquaintance with the nature of the thing and to share in the knowledge of it.

Directions: Faced with the great pressure of employment, some people suggest that women should go back to their homes giving care to their family rather than stay out working. This, they believe, can somewhat relieve the society of the burden of unemployment. Do you agree or disagree with this view? Write an essay of approximately 150 words to support yourself.

从某种意义上讲，现代生活方式使人们彼此疏远，人与人之间仅存在一种有限责任。事实上，只要我们彼此履行了各自的有限责任，至于他人干什么，想什么，我们根本不在乎。人们不会再为朋友两肋插刀，一生一世的朋友也不复存在，因为现代社会的朋友关系是建立在共同利益的基础上，当利害关系改变时，朋友关系也定会改变，在一个正在经受着历史巨变的社会中，人的利害关系如果不瞬息万变，那才是怪事呢。

Apart from flights, telephones and television, one of the most significant ways in which life in the twentieth century differs from antiquity is the pervasive presence of clocks. Our lives are scheduled around specific times and intervals in a fashion that would have been impossible in ancient Rome.When and how did this profound change come about? Did monasteries acquire the first clocks and then, in league with an emerging merchant class, enforce their own rigid time standards on the surrounding populace? This view—the accepted interpretation for at least 50 year—is carefully dissected and challenged in Dohrn-van Rossum’s revisionist account.

Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out control. Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide more rapidly until the person becomes an adult. After that, cells in most parts of the body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries.Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells. Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body where they begin to grow and replace normal tissue. This process, called metastasis, occurs as the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body. When cells from a cancer like breast cancer spread to another organ like the liver, the cancer is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer.Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA. This substance is in every cell and directs all its activities. Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired. People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for inherited cancers. Many times though, a person’s DNA becomes damaged by exposure to something in the environment, like smoking.Cancer usually forms as a tumor. Some cancers, like leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow. Remember that not all tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body and, with very rare exceptions, are not life threatening.Different types of cancer can behave very differently. For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. That is why people with cancer need treatment that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer.Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Half of all men and one-third of all women in the US will develop cancer during their lifetimes. Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer. The risk of developing most types of cancer can be reduced by changes in a person’s lifestyle, for example, by quitting smoking and eating a better diet. The sooner a cancer is found and treatment begins, the better are chances for living for many years.1. How are cancer cells different from normal ones?2. Why does cancer cell develop?3. Is cancer hereditary? Why?4. Are all the tumors cancerous? Why or why not? Give your reasons.

Marcia Seligson calls the wedding dress the “key metaphor” in the elaborate effort to make the American wedding an “idealized departure from reality,” and notes that in the early 1970s, at a time when love-ins, live-ins, and hippie weddings were throwing brickbats at tradition, 94 percent of American brides still chose to be married in white. The color has long been associated with weddings because of its supposed symbolic link to virginity. Commenting slyly on the tradition, Judith Martin (1982) observes that an engaged couple needs to decide “whether wearing a white wedding dress will be worth enduring the sneers of people who believe these must be accessorized by intact hymens.”Viewed historically, the link between white and virginity (or, as it is sometimes euphemized, purity) is not as absolute as is often supposed. Brides in ancient Rome married in white, but because the color signified joy; they were veiled in a bright orange veil, or flammeum, that suggested the flames of passion. In the western Catholic tradition, too, white has always been the color of joy, and it remains the iconographically correct hue for such jubilant occasions as Easter Sunday. Some traditional societies use white to denote the significance of various passage ceremonies, among them funerals as well as weddings. For example, among the Andaman Islanders, said A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, white indicated simply a change of status; and the traditional Chinese white for funerals was a symbolic representation of hope.The “traditional” white wedding dress, moreover, is a recent innovation. Barbara Tober explains that its popularity may owe less to the mystique of virginity than to a curious twist of conspicuous display. Most Victorian brides, she says, wore simply their “best finery” on their wedding day, and many wore traditional ethnic costumes. The white dress was an ostentatiously impractical innovation that became popular among the upper classes precisely because of its defects: “Victorian brides from privileged backgrounds wore white to indicate that they were rich enough to wear a dress for one day only.” And throughout the first years of this century, brides from somewhat less privileged backgrounds would trot out the white dress on special occasions throughout the first year of their marriage. The custom of locking the treasure away after the wedding—so that, like a toasting glass, it could never be used for a lesser purpose—is less than a hundred years old.1. According to the passage, wearing a white wedding dress has little to do with（）.2. From historical point of view, the white color has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT（）.3. It can be inferred from the passage that white dress（）.4. Nowadays, after the wedding white dress for brides from ordinary families（）.5. The best title for the passage is（）.

What we see when we photograph the Sun is a huge glowing ball of gas. Underneath this hot and extremely bright photosphere lies other gas while, in the central parts of the Sun, atoms are continually being broken down and built up. In the center of the Sun it is just as if hundreds of thousands of hydrogen bombs were continually exploding, and the results of this reach the photosphere. This is why the photosphere shines so brightly and sends out x-rays and ultra-violet light. Yet sometimes dark spots appear on the photosphere and these “sunspots” are evidence of greatly increased activity below. When sunspots appear, great bursts of the longer radio waves are often received. These are a thousand times more intense than those which radio-astronomers normally receive and which comes from what is called “quiet” Sun, being radiated by the corona and the “chromospheres” that layer of not very bright gas which lies just above the photosphere.These immense bursts of radio waves are usually accompanied by an intensely bright area of “flare” near a sunspot, and it is clear that they are caused by a sudden burst of thermal radiation from below the photosphere. The visible flare and the burst of radio waves are also accompanied by a burst of X-rays, ultra-violet rays, and atomic particles.When there are sunspots but no flares accompanying them, the radio waves emitted by the “quiet” sun do not remain constant but began to fluctuate, and the radio signals gradually become stronger. These changes do not correlate with changes in the number of sunspots, although it has been emitted by the “quiet” Sun do not remain constant but began to fluctuate, and the radio signals gradually become stronger. These changes do not correlate with changes in the number of sunspots, although it has been found that the radio waves seem to be generated in the Sun’s atmosphere above the sunspots and not in the sunspots themselves. The changes in radio signals do, however, correlate with the calcium areas of the Sun’s spectrum.Radio astronomy has helped considerably to increase our knowledge of the corona. Being visually very dim, the corona is hard to observe by optical means, even during total eclipses. During some eclipses it has been traced quite a long way from the Sun but was believed to extend no more than about two million miles at the most above the photosphere. Direct radiation of radio waves from the corona has been received during day light up to about 1.5 million miles. However, by examining a distant radio source as the Sun passes in front of it, it is possible to discover how far the corona extends by observing how the radio waves from the distant source are affected. It was in this way that Professors M. Ryle and A. Hewish at Cambridge University, England, found that the corona could be traced out to more than 6 million miles, and in the line of the Sun’s equator to 12 million miles or more. It has ever been suggested that the corona extends as far as the Earth itself.1. A good title for this passage would be（）.2. From the center out, the correct order of the sun’s layers is（）.3. The photosphere is the（）.4. The passage does not mention information dealing with the（）.5. Professor M. Ryle and A. Hewish have found that the sun’s corona（）.

The meridians of longitude are imaginary great circles drawn from pole to pole around the earth. By international agreement, the meridian of longitude passing through Greenwich, England, is numbered zero. The earth is divided into 360 degrees, and the meridians are numbered east and west from Greenwich. There are 180 degrees of longitude east of Greenwich and 180 degrees in the westerly direction. New York has a longitude of 74 degrees west which means it lies on the 74th meridian west of Greenwich.Since the sun appears to travel around the earth in 24 hours, it will move 360/24 or 15 degrees in one hour. This reasoning can be used by navigators to determine their longitude. Imagine that we have set sail from Greenwich, England, after having set a very accurate clock, or chronometer, to the local Greenwich time. As we travel westward toward New York, we notice that the sun is going “slower” than our chronometer. At the time that our timepiece reads 12 o’clock, the sun has not quite reached the zenith. As a matter of fact, when our clock reads noon, what it really means is that it’s noon in Greenwich, England. Our clock continues to tell us the time, not at our present location, but at Greenwich. Let us wait until the sun is directly overhead (noon at our location) and then read the time on our clock. Suppose it reads 1 o’clock. This means that there is one hour’s difference in time between our longitude and that of Greenwich. As we mentioned earlier, this corresponds to exactly 15 degrees of longitude, so our longitude must be 15 degrees west. The world is divided into 24 time zones, and each zone corresponds to 15 degrees of longitude. New York is approximately 5 time zones west of Greenwich, so the time difference must be about 5 hours. By maintaining chronometers on Greenwich time, ships can determine their longitude on any sunny day by merely noting the difference in hours between Greenwich time and local sun time and multiplying this difference by 15 degrees.Of course, longitude gives only half of the information needed to determine our precise location. We must also know our latitude, which tells us how far we are north or south of the equator. The Equator is the zero line for the measurement of latitude. Circles are drawn parallel to the Equator to indicate other values of latitude. There are 90 degrees of south latitude.In the Northern Hemisphere, there is a star called Polaris almost directly over the North Pole. This makes it possible to determine the latitude of a given point by setting our sextant to measure the angle between Polaris, the North Star, and the horizon. Mathematicians tell us that this angle is equal to the latitude at the point in question.To get an idea of our location, therefore, we need to know the local time, Greenwich time, and the angle between Polaris and the horizon.1. In order to get the precise location of a ship, the navigator must know（）.2. In order to determine latitude, the navigator must know（）.3. A navigator’s chronometer will always show（）.4. In relation to the earth, the sun will move（）.5. It can be inferred that the number of degrees of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere is（）.

Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual” or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners.“With virtual reality we will be able to put a surgeon in every trench,” said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satava’s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient’s brain taken before surgery.During these procedures-operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered-surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.”1. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine（）.2. How is virtual reality surgery performed?3. Richard Satava has visions of（）.4. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because（）.5. Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they____.

Checks have largely replaced money as a means of exchange, for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very convenient for（1）buyer and seller, it（2）not be forgotten that checks are not real money: they are quite valueless（3）themselves. A shopkeeper always runs a certain（4）when he accepts a check and he is quite（5）his rights if, on occasion, he refuses to do（6）.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called（7）. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an（8）unpleasant experience. He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large（9）of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked（10）he could pay by check. The assistant said that this was quite（11）, but（12）my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them（13）a worthless check not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay（14）he wanted to get into serious trouble.（15）, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the（16）, but explained that a person who had used the same name（17）his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note（18）: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” Fortunately, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike（19）. He was not only allowed to go without further delay,（20）to take the string of pearls with him.

In those days, executives expected to spend most of their lives in the same firm and, unless they were dismissed for（）, to retire at the age of 65.

John said that he didn’t quite（）and asked me to repeat what I had said.

When he tried to make a（）, he found that the hotel was completely filled because of a convention.

It was（）that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.

The ties that bind us together in common activity are so（）that they can disappear at any moment.

If a person talks about his weak points, his listener is expected to say something in the way of（）.

The most important（）for assessment in this contest is originality of design.

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