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Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.

The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.

There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents’ wishes.

The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.

Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.

These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.

If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 200 words with the title “Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Books”. Your composition should be based on the following outline:(1) E-books (electronic books) are now easily available from the Internet.(2) Discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of E-books.

美国人崇尚公平，即平等待人，不偏不倚。他们相信机会均等，法律面前人人平等，也就是说，不管社会地位和经济状况如何，人人都能得到公正。然而，尽管多数美国人声称，他们信奉宽大为怀以及民主的理想，妇女和少数民族的维权行动仍然面临巨大的障碍，虽然在过去的五十年里取得了一些进步。

The Olympic Games are a display of international goodwill. The ceremonies, with their emphasis upon both nationalism and internationalism, are a thrilling sight to see. At the start, the king or president of the country in which the Olympic Games are being held is presented. The national anthem of his country is sung. Then follows a parade of all the contestants, each bearing his country’s flag and shield. This march is accompanied by a fanfare of trumpets. When the Olympic flag is raised, guns fire a salute. Doves, symbols of peace, are released. Finally then sacred fire is lit. The Olympic flame is set alight by a torch that has been carried by relay runners all the way from Olympia, Greece. The sacred fire then burns throughout the entire Olympic Games.

In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity(紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President Hoover’s successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing, flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation’s soil was the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.1. What impact did the declining demand for American farm products have on American farm products?2. According to the passage, what worsened American farmers’ financial situation in 1930s?3. Why was the Federal Farm Board established in 1929?4. What was planned in the Agricultural Adjustment Act to raise farm prices?5. Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act declared unconstitutional?

Today’s consumer wants unique and beautiful handcrafted objects to wear and to have for home environment. Each consumer is an individual. He prefers objects which are unique and he demands quality. Craftsmen today are meeting this demand. People and homes are showing great change as a result of the unique handcrafted items available.Crafts are big business. No longer does a good craftsman have to work in a job he dislikes all day and then try to create at night and on weekends. He has earned his professional status. He is now a respected, contributing member of today’s society.Part of the fun of being a craftsman is meeting other craftsmen. They are interesting. Exciting people, young or old. They love to share their ideas and materials and to help others find markets for their work. They enjoy teaching others their special skills.Craftsmen have helped educate consumers to make wise choices. They help them become aware of design and technique. They help them relate their choice to its intended use. They often involve the consumer in trying the craft himself.Some crafts are done in leisure time for pleasure or for extra income. More and more are done seriously for total income. Learning the marketing of crafts is important to all who wish to earn a living by their talent and skill.Craftsmen often exchange ideas and resources. As this group expands to include more members with like interests and standards, a small craft organization is formed. Later these groups may become a chapter of a state guild if they have maintained standards required by the guild.Many opportunities are then available: training workshops in special media, craft marketing techniques, craft fairs and sales festivals, TV appearances, and demonstrations.State arts councils help in partially sponsoring local arts and crafts festivals. Often they will help a new organization with some beginning workshops. Some state arts councils help with marketing training. Both guilds and small craft groups working together bring special status to their state. They drew crowds of tourist consumers to attend their festivals and fairs. This boosts the economy of the area considerably because the tourists not only buy crafts, but they also use the restaurants and motels and other services of the area.Historical villages, country stores, privately owned shops, and galleries are a few outlets that have developed to sell the quality products of local craftsmen.1. In the second paragraph the author implies that（）.2. Craftsmen have helped consumers to（）.3. If a craftsman wants to live on his skills, he has to（）.4. Specifically, “guild” in this text refers to（）.5. Which of the following idea does the text intend to express?

Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”—physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and ways of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, is musical instrument. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph (留声机) was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music- cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different song. Besides, the ability to read music notation (乐谱) has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as whole.One more important part for music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information revolution,” a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations, they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.1. Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because（）.2. It can be learned from this passage that（）.3. According to the author, music notation is important because（）.4. It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the world of music（）.5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck. All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the “masculine” qualities required.This is true even in politics. “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Ann Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduates to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.1. The last word in Paragraph one “liability” most probably means（）.2. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness（）.3. Bowman’s experiment reveals that when it comes to politics, attractiveness（）.4. It can be inferred from the passage that people’s views on beauty are often（）.5. The author writes this passage to（）.

Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, climate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the ten countries included in the study. Whether such increases due to higher CO2 concentration would actually be realized is uncertain, because of problems in extrapolating from idealized laboratory and modeling results to field conditions.The clear message of this work is that greater efforts are needed to take account of the “noise” of natural climate variability when considering the “signal” of climate change. In particular, care must be taken in interpreting the results of impact assessments, especially those which use climate simulations over short periods only.Much more remains to be done. For example, the use of simulated monthly climate data by Hulme et al, even when interpolated to daily data by statistical methods, leaves open the possibility of systematic changes in day-to-day variability and extremes due to climate change. These could well dominate the effects of climate change on both river flow and wheat yield. Taking them into account will require the analysis of daily output from the climate models, especially at fine spatial resolution.More importantly, in understanding the message from Hulme et al, we need to distinguish between confidence levels used for the detectability of simulated or real impacts due to climate change, and those needed to decide if the information about possible future impacts is useful for decision-makers. Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level. On the other hand, if we take it as a given that climate change is occurring, and we are seeking useful advice as to what the consequences might be, a lower level of confidence may suffice.Studies of the length of a data set is necessary to detect a real change in the mean against a background of variability, for example for detection of trends in total ozone or river flow, indicate that even if the change is real, it may need to have happened for decades before it can be shown statistically to have occurred. In cases such as estimation of flood frequency and of the occurrence of moisture stress in crops, what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.1. According to the study, high wheat yields in Europe most significantly need（）.2. A high level of confidence is needed when we（）.3. To identify the possible future impacts of climate change, scientists（）.4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

After deciding on a specific area of advanced study, prospective students must resolve whether to aim at a master’s or a Ph.D.（1）the accelerating complexity of what an engineer must know, many employers have（2）to regard a master’s degree as minimum training. Therefore, the typical two years required to earn an M.S.（3）a useful investment of time, energy and money. Enrolling （4）doctoral programs which could（5）out for several years-involves a much greater（6）of time and the loss of the opportunity to earn a pay-check, not to mention considerably greater risk of unemployment. A specialty that is,（7）when a student sets off on the road toward a Ph.D. could be in（8）by the time that individual graduates. Still, earning a doctorate can lead to jobs that have a research focus and require a very high level of sophistication.The doctoral degree can also offer greater professional（9）, as Collin Hitchcock realizes. Hitchcock, is in a Ph.D. program in electrical, computer, and systems engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY. His research project: studying semiconductors in solar cells. “There probably won’t be a lot of jobs doing research with solar cells when I graduate, but I could shift（10）to other kinds of semiconductors.” says Hitchcock.

Doctors are interested in using lasers as a surgical tool in operations on people who are（）to heart attack.

Certain species disappeared or became（）as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.

Connie was told that if she worked too hard, her health would（）.

The detective and his assistant have begun to（）the mysterious murder.

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