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One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today — the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.

In dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesn’t work, you might say something odd (“Look up! The ceiling is falling!”) to divert their attention. If they still don’t stop and you can’t separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: (1) After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student’s aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: (2) any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might conclude that a student’s aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react (3) punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. (4) Speaking in a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.You don’t want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. (5) If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.

Where anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death’s door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 2lst century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing, but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn’t prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. “From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15%-30% maximum,” says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal’'s behavior from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal’s behavior switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a “little bit silly” at the moment but doesn’t dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. “It’ll be like the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car.”1. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether（）.2. In the 1980s, the data on people’s health expectancy（）.3. In the lab experiment on rats,（）.4. Richardson believes that（）.5. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that（）.

For years, a network of citizens’ groups and scientific bodies has been claiming that science of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?Exxon’s involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world’s most profitable corporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any other company from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobil needs to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change. But there are difficulties: if must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that which maintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what’s its strategy?The website Exxonsecrets.org, using data found in the company’s official documents, lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely with those that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that the science is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, and if governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering the global economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled “junk science”. The findings they welcome are labeled “sound science”.This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On the whole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study—such as the discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling—and promote it relentlessly. They will continue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, John Christy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figures were incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by many of these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of the climate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. By dominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years in which urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seeding doubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justified the money their sponsors have spent on them many times over.1. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish their position on climate change?2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “bogus” (in Paragraph 4)?3. John Christy is mentioned to show（）.4. The organizations sponsored by Exxon（）.5. The passage is mainly focused on（）.

Top marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your physical shape—--and the way your body works—--fit you for a particular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?“It’s about 55:45, genes to the environment,” says Mike Rennie, professor of clinical physiology at Britain’s University of Nottingham Medical School Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, “They look quite different, despite being identical twins.”Someone who’s 1.5 meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player. Still, being over two meters tall won’t automatically push you to Olympic gold. “Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain,” said Craig Sharp, professor of sports science at Britain’s Brunel University.Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath’s sports development department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique. “In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital.”Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program, which searched schools for 14- l6-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she won gold in women’s rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but also for “performance genes.”1. It can be concluded from the passage that（）.2. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that（）.3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for a sportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?4. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because（）.5. The word “elite” in Paragraph 5 means（）.

At the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cell-phone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The university put in place a new examination-supervision system. “If they’d spend as much time studying, they’d all be A students,” says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cell-phones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper.“It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad.” said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃) in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people’s writings off the Internet without attributing them.Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. “Some people put too much emphasis on where they’re going to go in the future, and all they’re thinking about is graduate school and the next step,” said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed “sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn’t do.”Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.1. One student at UCLA was found cheating（）.2. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students（）.3. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to（）.4. According to Ryan Dapremont,（）.5. Which of the following is probably the most significant measure to fight cheating?

Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorter co-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study. “Height（1）career success,” says Timothy Judge, a University of Florida professor of management, who led the study. “These findings are troubling since, with a few（2）, such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height is something essential required for job（3）,” Judge points out.Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followed thousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work and personal lives. “If you take this（4）the course of a 30-year career, we’re talking about literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings（5）that a tall person enjoys,” Judge said.Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance—a supervisor’s（6）of how effective someone is—and（7）measures of performance—such as sales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Other people may also give higher（8）and greater respect to a tall person, giving them an edge in negotiating states, he says.The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary（9）. Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was（10）power and strength used when making “fight or run” decisions.

The FDA was created to（）the safety of products, review applications and grant approvals.

Many children often（）why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.

Strangely enough, an old man（）me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father’s.

According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers（）better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.

As（）China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.

Because of（）ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.

This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized（）.

Some states in the US have set（）standards concerning math and science tests.

Nuclear wastes are considered to（）a threat to human health and marine life.

New York probably has the largest number of different language（）in the world.

TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims’ families.

There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.

Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural

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