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Perfect certainty belongs only to the gods； the rest of us have to make do with science and its（）.

It cannot be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted, but scientists are （）to concede the inevitability of that day, realizing that new energies can be found in the near future.

Mr. Smith became very（）when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.

As has always been the case when tragedy has struck our community, the people of our town feel the obligation, and rightly so, to（） in support of the victim and his family.

The（）colonialists managed to wipe out the entire population.

Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animal’s thought processes in a sound manner re- quires a heavy dose of（）from our own mental patterns, which we access introspectively.

Their view that women are the natural （）of morality is not my view.

The rain （）our spirits because we were planning to go for a picnic.

Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement: each lesson is accompanied by a loss of（） .

The miser will not donate any money to charity because he is（） .

This restaurant is frequently（）by tourists because of its famous cooking.

When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the prob- lem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the en- tire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs natural- ly, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient’s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American popula- tion and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vac- cine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire popula- tion of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 30000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the manda- tory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.1.The best title for the text may be（）2.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?3.The phrase “ward it off naturally” (Paragraph 2) most probably means（）4.Which of the following is true according to the text?5.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is（）

BBC’s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life- and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage.Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain.The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to in- fect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment.Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of “potential personsn. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide en- lightenment. When is this “potential” supposed to kick in? In case you were wondering, these sup- posedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of theUnited States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in which licences have been a- warded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible that, in years to come, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals.1.What has caused the chronic organ shortage?2.The expression “pussyfooting around” (Line 1，Paragraph 2) might mean（）.3.The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that（）4.To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?5.The author is most critical of（）

We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with dif-ferent types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our na- ture is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute”.We can safely say，with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respec- tive functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hier- archical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by sat- isfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion be- tween the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against na- ture, a deviation from the norm.Sex roles were determined according to the “place” appropriate to each. Women’s place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i. e. workshops, factories and business firms, be- longed to men. This sex-based division of the world ( private and public ) gave rise to a strict dichoto- my between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “ cared, nurtured and conserved• To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up ev- ery day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought nat- ural in a man.Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all，for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.1.It is only in recent years that we have recognized that（）2.From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a careerbecause （）3.The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was（）4.According to the fourth paragraph, the author seems to think that （）5.According to the author, which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work?

The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, but often over-looked ,principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis.The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis. That is, one reason that some of the world’s leading economies — from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole ——are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels (2. 1 children per woman) for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees, which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole. Indeed, one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades.Even China may see its sky-high growth come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks” because of its one-child policy, as Carlos Gavalle and I argued in a recent report, The Sustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Rand study suggests that India will have more favorable demographics than China” over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. In fact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic ad- vantage to outpace China’s economic growth rates by the end of the century.Finally, it’s not just fertility that matters; it’s also marriage. At least in the West, children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family in the U. S. , for instance, children are more likely to graduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact, married family.And around the globe, men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attentionwhen they are married； this is one reason men worldwide enjoy “marriage premiums” in their in- come, ranging from about 14 percent (Mexico) to 19 percent ( United States) to 35 percent (Rus- sia) .So, at least when it comes to men，research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity.The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home; rather, the size of families，and their stability and quality，has important implications for the health of the global e- conomy.1.The main idea of this passage is that（） .2.One reason that the world’s leading economies are facing fiscal challenges is that（） .3.“...its work force is poised to grow”(Para. 3) probably means （）4.From the passage we know that （）5.According to the passage, all the following can affect economy EXCEPT （）

Some universities and colleges in China require their PhD students to publish research papers in English. Write an essay of no less than 150 words about your opinion on this requirements.

Throughout history new technologies have revolutionized warfare, sometimes abruptly, sometimes only gradually: think of gunpowder, aircraft, radar and nuclear fission. So it has been with informa-tion technology. Computers and the internet have transformed economies and given Western armies great advantages, such as the ability to send remotely piloted aircraft across the world to gather intelli-gence and attack targets. (1). But the spread of digital technology comes at a cost: it exposes armies and societies to digital attack. Some scenarios (电影)imagine the almost instantaneous failure of the systems that keep the modern world turning. As computer networks collapse, factories and chemical plants explode, satellites spin out of control and the financial and power grids fail. Cyberspace has become the fifth domain of warfare, after land, sea, air and space.The cyber attacks on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008 (the latter strangely happened to coincide with the advance of Russian troops across the Caucasus) are widely assumed to have been di-rected by the Kremlin (克里姆林宫),but they could be traced only to Russian cyber-criminals. Many of the computers used in the attack belonged to innocent Americans whose PCs had been hi-jacked. Companies suspect China of organizing mini-raids to ransack Western know-how: but it could just have easily been Western criminals, computer-hackers showing off or disillusioned former employ-ees. (2). One reason why Western governments have until recently been reticent about cyber-espio-nage （间谍）is surely because they are dab hands at it, too.Cyber-weapons are being developed secretly, without discussion of how and when they might be used.（3）. If cyber arms-control is to America’s advantage，it would be wise to shade such accords （协议）while it still has the upper hand in cyberspace. In the meantime，however, countries should agree on modest accords, or even just informal “rules of the road” that would raise the political cost of cy-ber-attacks. Perhaps there could be a deal to prevent the crude “ denial-of-service ” assaults that brought down Estonian and Georgian websites with a mass of bogus （伪造的）requests for informa-tion ；NATO and the European Union could make it clear that attacks in cyberspace, as in the real world, will provoke a response: the UN or signatories of the Geneva Conventions could declare that cyber-attacks on civilian facilities are, like physical attacks with bomb and bullet, out of bounds in war； rich countries could exert economic pressure on states that do not adopt measures to fight online criminals. Countries should be encouraged to spell out their military policies in cyberspace, as Ameri-ca does for nuclear weapons, missile defense and space. （4）. And there could be an international cen-tre to monitor cyber-attacks, or an international duty to assist countries under cyber-attacks, regard-less of the nationality or motive of the attacker — akin to the duty of ships to help mariners （水手）in distress.The internet is not a “commons” ,but a network of networks that are mostly privately owned. A lot could also be achieved by greater co-operation between governments and the private sector.（5） But in the end more of the burden for ensuring that ordinary people’s computer systems are not co-opted by criminals or cyber-warriors will end up with the latter — especially the internet-service providers that run the network. They could take more responsibility for identifying infected computers and spotting attacks as they happen.

According to government statistics，men of all social classes in Britain visit pubs quite regularly,（1 ） the kind of pub they go to may be different and their reasons for going there（2 ） too.Nowadays they often take their wives or girl-friends, which （3 ） to be the case. The fact is that the typical English pub is changing, partly （4 ） the licensing laws not being so strict as they （5 ）, but also because publicans are trying to （6 ） away with the old Victorian （7 ） of the pub and（8 ） provide couples with an atmosphere where they can both enjoy themselves. Pub used not to open（9 ） at certain times. The result was that they were usually （10 ） with men who seemed to be drinking as much as possible in the time （11 ） But that kind of pub is rapidly becoming a thing of the past.Curiously enough, the old British licensing laws, which foreigners found so objectionable and ab-surd ,were （12 ） introduced as a（13 ） measure to stop workers drinking in the First World War.（14）, the strong Puritanical （15） in Parliament took（16） of the law and （17） it.Opening hours are （18） limited to eight hours a day, but the publican can now choose which hours （19） him best. And these days you can even get a cup of coffee if you prefer （20 ） beer.But in spite of this the Puritans would never dream of admitting that a pub could become a repeatable place.

The government will （） the economy next year and develop the trade relations with other countries quickly.

Some practical is （） desirable for candidates interested in applying for this job.

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