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They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make（）of them.

They had a fierce（）as to whether their company should restore the trade relationshipwhich was broken years ago.

The people living in these apartments have free（）to that swimming pool.

We are writing to the manager（）the repairs recently carried out at the above address.

Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography’s means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past — when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photography’s two ideals can be described as（）2.The author is primarily concerned with （） 3.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of（） 4.According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the （） 5.Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately follow-ing the passage?

The energy contained in rock within the earth’s crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recov- ry systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates f heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, owever, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce erup- ive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock ( HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spon- aneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems — which in- olve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust — are be- ng developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDRs, artificial stimulation will be required to reate either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circula- ion of a fluid over the surface of the rock.The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than 150°C, is t depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although ells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously etermine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100oC may e useful for space heating； however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200°C are esirable.The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a esired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gra- ient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Associa- ion of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high - temperature gradients are distributed all across he United States. ( There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records ex- st. )Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature radient of 22°C per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13 ,000,000 quadrillion B. T. U. ?s of to- al energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. f we conservatively estimate that only about 0. 2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal emaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, ore costly wells and shallower, cooler，less expensive wells against the value of the final product, e- ectricity and/or heat.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to( ).2.The passage would be most likely to appear in a ( )3.According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22°C per kilometer of depth can be used to( )4.It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature -depth records for any spe-cific area in the United States depends primarily on the( ).5.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?

The French word renaissance means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules ichelet in his History of France, then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventu-ally by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the ewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout urope. Scholars and artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries wanted to restore the learning and deals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to hu-man —as opposed to spiritual — values. Fulfillment in life — as opposed to concern about an after-life —became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the leasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to secular as well as eligious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing. These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period — how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed，experienced, discussed, and dis- seminated. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were be- ing rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music — although they could read the writ- ings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the learned music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and lit- erature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half — though at different rates in different countries — that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of the Renaissance were seeking a rebirth of( ).3.According to the passage, Renaissance artists and writers had all of the following intentions EX-CEPT( ).4.The word “disseminated” in line 16 is closest in meaning to( ) 5.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the absence of a single Renais-sance musical style?

Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are wo prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an im-age-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to t, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D. for applying patterns to tex-tiles .The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decora-tion and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process: first, the artist takes a lock of wood,which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then raws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The oodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper ei-ther by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith’s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the iddle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The im- ge is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An im-pression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the aper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The word “prime” in line 2 is closest in meaning to( ).3.The author’s purpose in paragraph 2 is to describe( ).4.According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT thatit( ).5.According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?

Have you ever attempted to question academic authority in your learning and research process? What do you think are the appropriate attitudes towards academic authority? Write an essay of no less than 150 words to explain your opinions on this issue.

Scholars and students have always been great travelers. (1). The official case for “academic mob- ility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social pro- gress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe，but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simul- taneous impact upon many groups of people. (2). The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues: one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery，or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines，and that one was not quite alone，confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years，the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways.(3) The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane，making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible，and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought a- bout the recent explosion in academic movement.(4). Some of these are purely quantitative and re- quire no further mention: there are far more centers of learning，and a far greater number of scholars and students.(5). In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines，particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous num-ber of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some i- solation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.

Many years ago people thought the earth was flat. They believed that the sky （）a big up- side-down bowl and that the sun, moon, and stars were lamps hanging from the top of the bowl. Later, people （）better. They found out that the earth （） round.We call the study of the skies and the planets astronomy, （） we call the watchers of the skies astronomer. Early astronomers thought the earth was the center of They thought the heavens spun （）the earth. Later, they changed their （）They knew the earth was not the center. They believed that the earth and the（） planets spin around the sun. Today we know this is true.Ancient scientists studied the skies（） simple instruments. The first person（） a tele- scope was named Galileo. In 1610 （） four moons around the planet Jupiter. Today （）use more complex equipment. Some of these measure the brightness of light. （） break lights up into different colors. Radio telescopes make stars and planets （） far closer than Galileo’s telescope could.Early astronomers （） five planets in the sky. Besides Earth, they knew about mercury, Ve- nus ,Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In 1781 a seventh one was discovered and named Uranus. Years lat- er, astronomers found another planet and called it Neptune. The ninth planet to be found is called Pluto. It was not （） until 1930.Today scientists can （） almost anywhere. They have reached the heavens with their space- craft. In 1959, a spacecraft （） took pictures of the dark side of the moon. The years later a spacecraft landed two Americans on the moon. Other important journeys into space （） . Who knows? Maybe（） human beings will live on another planet. Maybe you will be one of them.

The plan for the new office tower went ahead（）of local opposition.

The local government has （） the landowners to fish these waters.

The development of these gene technologies may be far in the future, but（）the moral and social issues raised by them should be discussed, for once a technology has been invented, it may be difficult to stop or control.

There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the（）from fall to winter.

Among all the changes resulting from the（）entry of women into the work force, the trans-formation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.

Though sometimes（）all too often technology is seen as a panacea for the great economic, social, and political challenges facing the nation as it embarks on the path of modernization.

Most people choose a（）lawyer on the basis of such consideration as his post, his field of expertise, and the fees he charges.

His physical and emotional（）to Oxford and to Mississippi, to the land and to the people that shaped him, was at the core of his being.

This was a five-digit national coding system to（）each postal delivery section.

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