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Superficial differences between the special problems and techniques of the physical sciences and those of the biological sciences are sometimes cited as evidence for the（）of biology and for the claim that the methods of physics are therefore not adequate to biological inquiry.

Unfortunately, his damaging attacks on the ramifications of the economic policy have been（）by his wholehearted acceptance of that policy’s underlying assumptions.

A recent survey shows that, while ninety-four percent of companies conducting management-train-ing programs open them to women，women are（）only seventy-four percent of those pro-grams.

As long as nations cannot themselves accumulate enough physical power to dominate all others,they must depend on（）.

Under ethical guideline recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct disease for which（）treatments are unsatisfactory.

The differences between the male and female of this species become more（） with age.

John was not selected（）;he was chosen for the job because he had the most experience.

The river was （） with industrial waste from the nearby factory.

Government （） the use of seat belts in all cars.

Current data suggest that, although（） states between fear and aggression exist, fear and aggression are as distinct physiologically as they are psychologically.

Vacation policies continue to be a source of（）between management and the workers.

The company that Joan works for is（）with an automotive company, so she can get a dis-count on a new car.

I think Kim would be great for the job. Her work record is（）.

Beth worked hard to（）in with the locals during her visit.

He found his new acquaintance to be（）: trying to understand her personality was likepeering into an unknown dimension.

Deserts, dry areas with（）no vegetation, cover more than one-third of the Earth’s landsurface.

Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person “the world today” or “life” or “reality” he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed （释放的）emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he car-ries the stamp of that passing moment forever.For me，this moment ——four years in a moment in history ——was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteris-tics.Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. Theother two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon，meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn’t very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with “service men”. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a har- monious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world. When you are sixteen, adults are slightly im- pressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they fore- see your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is im- moral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch （突然倾斜）from its path when you see some- thing in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.1.Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?2.Why does the author still clearly remember the war?3.Which statement best describes the author’s feelings about the war?4.Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds?5.Why does the author say that string and tinfoil are treasures?

Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.1.The purpose of Frederick I’s experiment was（）.2.The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that（）3.What is particularly remarkable about a child is that（）.4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will（）in future.

Racket, din clamor, noise, whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is America’s most widespread nuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present dangerto people’s health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress. No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still responds ——sometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the stress building up inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators have made public annoy-ance the basis of many noise abatement programs. The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Nevertheless, when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise, we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other thing may be happening to us, some of which may be damaging to our health. Of many health hazards to noise, hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by health professionals. The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The more susceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that causes an- noyance and irritability in health persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body.Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on the unborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infancy and childhood, youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary a- mounts of rest.Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the link be- tween noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern world. It may also be because we still think of hearing loss as only an occupational hazard.1.In Paragraph 1, the phrase “immune to” is used to mean（）.2.The author’s attitude toward noise would best be described as（）.3.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?4.The author condemns noise essentially because it（）.5.The author would probably consider research about the effects noise has on people to be（） .

A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA ( deoxyribo-nucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which gene are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the fa- ther of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprint- ing has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population genet- icists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. , and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly de- termine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn. , argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests an- nounced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects（）.2.DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when（）.3.To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method（） .4.The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that（） .5.National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that（） .

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