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(1) High unemployment rates, especial among young workers, have led to protests in countriesas varied as Latvia, Chile, Greece, Bulgaria and Iceland and contributed to strikes in Britain andFrance.(2) Last month, the government of Iceland, that economy is expected to contract 10 percentthis year, collapsed and (3) the prime minister moved up national elections after weeks of protests by Icelanders angering by soaring unemployment and rising process.Just last week, the new United States director of national intelligence, Dennis C. Blair, told Congress that (4) instability caused by the global economical crisis had become the biggest security threat facing the United States, outpacing terrorism.(5) In emerging economies like those in Eastern Europe, there are fears that growing joblessness might encourage a move from free-market, pro-Western policies, (6) while in developed countries unemployment could bolster efforts to protect local industries in the expense of global trade.(7) Indeed, some European stimulus packages, as well one passed Friday in the United States, include protections for domestic companies, increasing the likelihood of protectionist trade （8）battles. Protectionist measures were an intense matter of discussion as finance minister from the Group of 7 economies met this weekend in Rome.（9）While the number of jobs in the United States have been falling since the end of 2007, the pace of layoffs in Europe, Asia and the developing world has caught up only recently (10) as in companies that resisted deed cuts in the past follow the lead of their American counterparts.

Three (1) years ago Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit made his (2) thermometer inhis home town of Danzig (Now Gdansk in Poland). The thermometer was filled with (3) and completely sealed, but it was not much use without some sort of (4) to measure thetemperature.One story (5) that, during the winter of 1708—1709，Fahrenheit took a measurementof 0 degrees as the coldest temperature outdoors—which would now read as minus 17.8°C. Fiveyears (6) he used mercury instead of alcohol for his (7) ，and made a top referencepoint by measuring his own body temperature as 90 degrees. Soon afterwards he became a glassblower, (8)allowed him to make thinly blown glass tubes that could be marked up with more points on the scale and so (9)accuracy.Eventually he took the (10) point of his temperature scale from a reading made in ice,water and salt, and a top point made from the boiling point of water. The scale was recalibratedusing 180 degrees between these (11) points and Fahrenheit was able to make much moreaccurate and more (12) measurements of temperature.But in 1742 a rival challenged the Fahrenheit scale and (13) superseded it. AndersCelsius, in Sweden, invented a scale of 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points ofwater and gradually (14) over many countries. However, the British (15) wedded toFahrenheit until well into the 20th century.

The year of 2009 will bring an avalanche of books, lectures, television programs and articles on Charles Darwin. (1) It is 200 years since he was bom and 150 years since he was pushed to publish his on the Origin of Species earlier than he intended by the arrival of a letter from AlfredRussel Wallace, the naturalist who, independently, had the same theory of natural selection thatDarwin had supposed all his own.Since Darwin wasn’t alone in thinking up the theory of natural selection or in assembling evidence in support of evolution, are we right to make such a song and dance of his anniversary? The short answer is “yes”.(2) the Origin o f Species is the most important biology book yet written and Darwin has done as much as anyone, including Copernicus, Newton, Marx and Freud,to change how we see ourselves.Why does Darwinian worldview matters more than ever? Above all, Darwin decenters humanity. In this he completes the work that Copernicus and Galileo began. We are not the centre of the Universe. The Universe existed long before we came on the scene. (3) This decentering does not, of course, mean that we matter any the less. Rather, it helps us to appreciate that we do not sit in a distinct category from the rest of creation. The great apes that are heading towards extinction in the wild and are still used in some countries for medical research really are our relatives.

Under the Bush administration America has gone from a policy of “dual containment” of Iran and Iraq to one approaching dual failure. It removed the iron rule of Saddam Hussein, but created an anarchic void in Iraq into which Iran has extended its influence. Exhausted by the insurgency in Iraq, America now struggle to deal with the more acute threat of weapons of mass destruction posed by Iran’s nuclear programme. America’s Arab allies may be terrified by the strengthening of Iran，but they are even more terrified by the prospect of American military action to destroy Iran’s nuclear facilities.In Europe there is a degree of acceptance that, sooner or later, the world may have to deal with a nuclear-armed Iran. Some in the Bush administration though, regard that prospect as even more horrendous than the consequences of attacking Iran, which may include more instability in Iraq and elsewhere, more terrorism and the disruption of oil from the Persian Gulf. There is no certainly, moreover, about how far military strikes can set back the nuclear programme, if at all.George Bush has repeatedly said that “all opinions” remain on his table, by which he means the use of military force. But the one option he has seemed less keen on is the idea, advocated by many of seeking a “grand bargain” with Iran on a whole range of disputes, from the nuclear question to peace with Israel. When America was strong, it felt it did not need to deal with Iran. Now it is worried by the prospect of looking weak.Nevertheless, there has been a real change of policy since the days when Mr. Bush said Iran was part of the “axis of evil”. His administration has offered to join nuclear talks if Iran suspends uranium enrichment. Ray Takeyh, an expert on Iran, argues in the latest issue of Foreign Affairs says: better to deal with the pragmatists, and strengthen them, rather than give free rein to the radicals. He mayor may not be right.1.According to the passage, America failed to( ) .2.The phrase “that prospect” (Line 2, Para 3) refers to ( ) .3. Ray Takeyh urged the America government to ( ) .

Helicobacter pylori is one of humanity’s oldest and closest companions, and yet it took scientists more than a century to recognize it. As early as 1875, German anatomists found spiral bacteria colonizing the mucus layer of the human stomach, but because the organisms could not be grown in a pure culture, the results were ignored and then forgotten. It was not until 1982 that Australian doctors Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren isolated the bacteria, allowing investigations of H pylori’s role in the stomach to begin in earnest. Over the next decade researchers discovered that people carrying the organisms had an increased risk of developing peptic ulcers—breaks in the lining of the stomach or duodenum—and that H pylori could also trigger the onset of the most common form of stomach cancer.Just as scientists were learning the importance of H pylori, however, they discovered that the bacteria are losing their foothold in the human digestive tract. Whereas nearly all adults in the developing would still carry the organism, its prevalence is much lower in developed countries such as the U.S. Epidemiologists believe that H pylori has been disappearing from developed nations for the past 100 years thanks to improved hygiene, which blocks the transmission of the bacteria, and to the widespread use of antibiotics. As H pylori has retreated, the rates of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer have dropped. But at the same time, diseases of the esophagus — including acid reflux disease and a particularly deadly type of esophageal cancer—have increased dramatically, and a wide body of evidence indicates that the rise of these illnesses is also related to the disappearance of H pylori.1. The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to( ).2.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?3.Which of the following would most probably follow the last sentence of this passage?

Why does storytelling endure across time and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way that people respond to Victorian literature hints that novels act as a social glue, reinforcing the types of behaviour that benefit society.Literature “could continually condition society so that we fight against base impulses and work in a cooperative way’’, says Jonathan Gottschall of Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. He and co-author Joseph Carroll at the University of Missouri, St. Louis, study how Darwin’s theories of evolution apply to literature. Along with John Johnson, an evolutionary psychologist at Pennsylvania State University in DuBois, the researchers asked 500 people to fill in a questionnaire about 200 classic Victorian novels. The respondents were asked to define characters as protagonists or antagonists and then to describe their personality and motives, such as whether they were conscientious or power hungry.The team found that the characters fell into groups that mirrored the egalitarian dynamics of a society in which individual dominance is suppressed for the greater good {Evolutionary Psychology, vol 4, p 716). Protagonists, such as Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, for example, scored highly on conscientiousness and nurturing, while antagonists like Bram Stoker’s Count Dracula scored highly on status-seeking and social dominance. In the novels, dominant behaviour is “powerfully stigmatized’’, says Gottschall “Bad guys and girls are just dominance machines; they are obsessed with getting ahead, they rarely have pro-social behaviours.”While few in today’s world live in hunter-gatherer societies, “the political dynamic at work in these novels, the basic opposition between communitarianism and dominance behaviour, is a universal theme”, says Carroll. Christopher Boehm, a cultural anthropologist whose work Carroll acknowledges was an important influence on the study, agrees. “Modem democracies, with their formal checks and balances, are carrying forward an egalitarian ideal”.A few characters were judged to be both good and bad, such as Heathcliff in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights or Austen’s Mr. Darcy. “They reveal the pressure being exercised on maintaining the total social order,” says Carroll.Boehm and Carroll believe novels have the same effect as the cautionary tales told in older societies. “Novels have a function that continues to contribute to the quality and structure of group life,” says Boehm. “Maybe storytelling—from TV to folk tales —actually serves some specific evolutionary adaptation,” says Gottschall. They’re not just products of evolutionary adaptation.1.According to the study mentioned in the passage, which one of the following best defines the function of literature in human society?2.What were the respondents in the research asked to do?3.What is said about the bad guys and girls in novels?4.In the political dynamic of literature, to what is dominant behavior set opposed?

Harvard is committed to ongoing communication and cooperation as project plans are______.

( )，wireless communications will increasingly become part of the fabric of everyday life.

Men commit motoring offences as women, according to the Home Office figures.

______ active in commerce or the professions, most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes.

The school shooting triggered a barrage of transparently irrelevant proposed solutions, tossed out without regard to their relevance to the events that supposedly ______ the proposals.

I don’t understand what you’re getting so about. It’s really not a problem.

commutation via the telegraph began in the 1840s, just before the Civil War, and via the telephone just afterward (1870s).

At first, movies were little more than amusing that appeared to move.

Before turning to writing, I spent eight years as a lawyer about how life would be with a prominent father blazing my trail.

Facing the danger, they were quite themselves.

Australia is struggling to cope with the consequences of a devastating drought. As the world warms up, other countries should pay .

Some economists fret that share prices are moving far ______ companies earnings, to a degree scanty reminiscent of Japan in the late 1980s just before its crash.

Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s president, died. His funeral in Moscow was attended by a bevy of world leaders past and present.

Experimental sciences, based on the observation of the external world, cannot aspire to completeness; the nature of things, and the imperfection of our organs,______.

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