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The court considers a financial _____ to be an appropriate way of punishing him.

In the past ten years skyscrapers have developed _____ in Chicago and New York City.

Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when _____ in the middle of the Pacific, businessmen can contact their offices as if they were next door.

If the world is to remain peaceful the utmost effort must be made by nations to limit local _____.

Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up that dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn’t surprised when this didn’t make the news here in the United States—we’re now the only wealthy country without such a policy.The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks’ unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as “government-run personnel management” and a “dangerous precedent”. In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.As Yale law professor Anne Alston argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is “no exit” when it comes to children. “Society expects—and needs—parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expects—and needs—parents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed.”While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children’s welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue to the whole of society as today’s children become tomorrow, s productive citizenry. In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.1. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?2. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?3. What is Professor Anne Alston’s argument for parental support?4. What does the author think of America’s large body of family laws governing children’s welfare?5. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?

To fight against computer crimes, a computer system needs a sure way of identifying its right users and rejecting those who are not entitled to use it. The identification system should be quick, simple, and convenient.At present, signatures are widely used to identify credit card holders, but it takes an expert to detect a good forgery. Sometimes even a human expert is fooled, and there is no reason to believe that a computer could do any better. Photographs are also sometimes used for identification. But, people find it inconvenient to stop by a credit-card company and to be photographed. Companies might lose business if they made the pictures under absolute requirement. Also, photographs are less useful these days, when people frequently change their appearance by changing the way they wear their hair. Finally, computer programs for analyzing photographs are still highly experimental.Cash-drawing systems often use two identification numbers: One is recorded on a magnetic stripe on the identification cards, and the other is given to the CRS holder. When the user inserts his card into the cash-drawing terminal, he keys in the identification number he has been given. The computer checks to see that the number recorded on the card and the other keyed in by the user refer to the same person.For a long time, fingerprints have provided a method of positive identification. But they suffer from two problems. One is that there is no simple system for comparing fingerprints electronically, the other is that because most people associate being fingerprinted with being arrested; they most surely would resist being fingerprinted for routine identification.Voiceprints have suggested. With these, the user has only to speak a few words for the computer to analyze his voice. There are no psychological problems here. And technically it’s easier to take and analyze voiceprints than fingerprints. However, it has yet to be proved that the computer line.Even lip prints have been suggested. But it’s doubtful that kissing computer will ever catch.1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the identification system requirements?2. The most reliable and convenient identification method in present use is _.3. If the technical problems can be worked out, which method is the most promising?4. Which of the following methods is the least psychologically acceptable?5. The passage is organized by_.

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: People would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: In a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society explains our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.1. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that ___.2. According to the passage, people’s learning activities are possible because they _.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _.4. Emotions are significant for man’s survival and adaptation because _.5. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they ___.

No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such virtue.The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life. Being rich wouldn’t be bad either, but that won’t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land leaving me millions of dollars.Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when People refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins. However until quite recently, most People had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel diseases. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber—than a weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall lifestyle. Thinness can be pure vainglory.1. Swept by the prevailing trend, the author ___.2. In the eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that _.3. In human history people’s views on body weight _.4. What’s the author’s advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?5. The author criticizes women’s obsession with thinness ___.

The decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.The fact the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation’s moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought that ‘I’m in it for me’ has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness,” Ms. Elshtain says.Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today’s greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U. S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament for some nonexistent “golden age,” Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that can’t be bought.”1. Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans ___.2. The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by _.3. Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?4. In the 1950s, classroom violence _.5. According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed ___.

Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappointing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering the great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the “typical” Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than his counterpart of the last generation. He gains in creating comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal uniqueness, or individuality.Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the U. S. is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that “assembly-line life” will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less productive) old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life—joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local cafe?Since the late 1950s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they rear that France is threated by triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.In spite of the critics, however, countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, convenience, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modern, industrial France is preferable to the old.1. The old French way of life is characterized by ___.2. According to the passage, all the following are the description of today’s Frenchmen EXCEPT that _.3. Which of the following is true about the critics?4. The best title for the passage would be _.5. It can be inferred from the passage that ___.

Directions: Write a composition in the title “On Aging Society” based on the following given outline. Your composition should be about 150 English words. Please write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

Translate the following sentences into English.1. 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。”2. 自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责，并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。3. 很显然，我们已然摒弃了“父母之命、媒妁之言”的婚姻方式即为使女孩们守身如玉而将她们深锁闺中的农业习俗。4. 现在我们被迫从那种以人们之间相互猜忌和敌视为标志的关系跃进到一个人们之间必须相互尊重和理解的世界。5. 同样地，语言之所以有价值是因为人们承认它是思维的符号，是人与人之间传输思想的媒介。

Translate the following passage into Chinese.The crux of the problem is: young people, being at the start of their own career and having to exert themselves to the utmost all the time, are always under the greatest stress and severest strain. The middle-aged people, on the other hand, having accomplished whatever they have, may relieve themselves of their load, and start to enjoy a quiet and leisurely life unburdened with any ambitions and away from the storms of life. Consequently, middle-aged persons quickly lapse into indolence. Most famous works that appeared in the past centuries, including the present, were written by authors around 30. Works with any creativeness seldom came from the pen of Chinese authors over 40, except autobiographies and notes by way of annotation. But for writers abroad, age does not seem to affect their energy or imagination at all. Some literary celebrities did not start their career until after 40.Because of various reasons, the life span of us Chinese used to be very short. Hence the old saying “man’s life from old has rarely reached seventy.” Therefore the middle-age period was much earlier, and men of letters very early in their lives became “old” and conservative psychologically.

There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most _1_ held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means _2_ the pavement into a busy street! _3_ you must pass under a ladder you can _4_ bad luck by crossing your fingers and _5_ them crossed until you have seen a dog. _6_, you may lick your finger and _7_ across on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the _8_ has dried. Another common _9_ is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house—it will either bring _10_ to the person who opened it or to the whole _11_. Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is _12_, as it inevitably brings rain!The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month _13_ on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay _14_, the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, _15_ it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to _16_ in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods.Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are _17_ witchcraft... It is _18_ lucky if a black cat crosses your path—although in America the exact opposite belief prevails.Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood _19_ luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as “my car has never _20_, touch wood?”

His _____ in gambling has eventually brought about his ruin.

Joan is in the dorm, putting the final_____ to her speech.

The police had difficulty in _____ the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.

Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remained _____.

The team has been working overtime on the research project _____.

In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, _____ action.

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