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There is _____ what will happen to them.

These goods are sold at reduced prices, _____.

To be frank, I’d sooner you _____ a good review yesterday for the coming test.

George Washington _____.

The commander said to his troops that under no circumstances _____ to step across the border.

Thomas Edison, _____, seemed to be awkward in his childhood.

According to the law which he later produced, everything in the universe attracts everything else towards _____.

Talking about that is useless, _____ is familiar to me.

Neptune is about thirty times as far from the Sun _____.

He caused a false account of the event _____ in the newspaper.

Our country had made great efforts to promote the family-planning policy, but _____ the birth rate is getting higher and higher.

I intend to move that our committee _____ Jim as chairman, and I hope that you will second my motion.

The qualities of my home town, _____ on me as a boy, had a profound effect on the philosophy that directed my career.

_____ the new fund-raising plan is approved, we will soon have more money to build the gymnasium.

Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received more study and attracted more attention than any other. Politicians campaigning for public office, salespeople presenting products, and preachers delivering sermons all depend upon this form of public communication. Even people who do not make speaking a part of their daily work are often asked to make public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or members of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly everyone speaks in public at some time or other, and those who perform the task well often become leaders.There are many reasons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide information about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way.Public speakers usually know well in advance when they are scheduled to make an address.Consequently they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it. Sometimes, though, speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such as when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate in a televised debate or interview.When they do not have to speak unpreparedly, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers who prepare their speeches for them. These professional writers may work alone or in small teams. Although the speaker may have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless of how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hearers.1. Public speaking is well known to the average people because ___.2. Which of the following is rarely the purpose of public speaking?3. In paragraph 4, the expression “deliver the message off the cuff” means _.4. Often the speech prepared by a professional writer for a boss _.5. No matter who writes a speech, the audience ___.

The potential of computers for increasing the control of organizations or society over their members and for invading the privacy of those members has caused considerable concern.The privacy issue has been raised most insistently with respect to the creation and maintenance of data files that assemble information about persons from a multitude of sources.Files of this kind would be highly valuable for many kinds of economic and social research, but they are bought at too high a price if they endanger human freedom or seriously enhance their opportunities of blackmailers. While such dangers should not be ignored, it should be noted that the lack of comprehensive data files has never before been the limiting barrier to the suppression of human freedom.Making the computer the villain in the invasion of privacy or encroachment on civil liberties simply diverts attention from the real dangers. Computer data bank files can and must be given the highest degree of protection from abuse. But we must be careful also, that we do not employ such crude methods of protection as to deprive our society of important data it needs to understand its down social processes and to analyze its problems.Perhaps the most important question of all about the computer is what it has come and will do to man, view of himself and his place in the universe. The most heated attacks on the computer are not focused on its possible economic effects, its presumed destruction of job satisfaction, or its threat to privacy and liberty, but upon the claim that it causes people to be viewed, and to view themselves, as machines.What the computer and progress in artificial intelligence challenge are an ethic that rests on man’s apartness from the rest of nature. An alternative ethic, of course, views man as a part of nature, governed by nature law, subject to the forces of gravity and the demands of his body. The debate about artificial intelligence and the simulation of man’s thinking is, in considerable part, a confrontation of these two views of man’s place in the universe.1. Why is it important to prevent the abuse of computer data bands?2. Which of the following is not true about data files?3. Too much caution in the use of computers will _.4. What lessons can be learned from the past in this decade?5. The arrival of the computer has made man _.

Web browsers! Interactive software! There’s a lot of new technology talk going on in public relations these days, and it’s coming from a variety of sources, clients, fearful that they are missing out on some mysterious “next wave”, demand some kind of whiz-bang（尖端）demonstration of technology from agencies. Industry publications continuously tout the latest and greatest electronic innovations. College kids enter the marketplace aimed with computer literacy completely alien to many veteran practitioners. And in some cases, members of the media demand that information be packaged to accommodate their particular technological preferences.Is technology now the tail wagging dog? The answer, unequivocally, is no. Technology remains what it has always been, a tool used by professionals to help them do their jobs. All of this millennium talk has produced an unnecessary level of anxiety about the necessity of technological innovation—the idea that you are light-years behind unless you are light-years ahead. Relax! The foundations of good public relations remain the same: anticipating and meeting the needs of clients and the media, and providing informed and useful counsel. Solid research, strong writing skills, creativity, and an appreciation for the values of the media are the backbone of the profession, regardless of how information is packaged.Even if the speed of information transmission is increasing, high tech isn’t for everyone. All clients don’t need individual web pages and summaries of chat room activity. When considering applications of new technologies, consider the audiences for your client. Are they comfortable with technology? Do they have access to the distribution systems you are considering? Do they have the skills and knowledge to use these systems? Do they navigate the web, use CD-ROM or even own a VCR?Consider the image of the company itself. The delivery system is part of the message and contributes to the overall image, so the practitioner should consider how that system affects the client, the product, and the audiences.Yes, a web page can be a cost-efficient communication tool when you consider the minimal media cost. But once it’s up and running, you’ve got to keep it fresh, and that means a continual allocation of time and specialized resources. In the hyper-speed model of communications, nothing is older than information that is both outdated and on-line. And to information consumers, your web page will cease to be a source if it isn’t kept current. In the last presidential election, more than one candidate had problems with their personal web pages because web masters were not kept up to date on changes in campaign strategy and messages. The gap between what the candidate was saying and what the web page was showing became a story in itself. If you’re going to have a presence on the Internet, you have to budget for regular maintenance. Otherwise, you are putting a sign up that says “too cheap to be relevant”.1. The recent enthusiasm for new technology is partly brought on by ___.2. What does the writer think of the recent new technology talk going on in public relations?3. The “tail wagging dog” (Para. 2) most probably means _.4. According to the author, the role of new technology in public relations _.5. It is implied in the last paragraph that a web page ___.

In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned.There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force, and there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both side who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence—as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other, what is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all.We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed and the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. But enforcement! If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is undermined by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social program. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around US. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk, the advocates of violence say,” all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.“It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser”. Possible? My lord, the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom; the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. Which can best replace the word “acute” (Line 1, Para. 1) mean _____.2. What does the author intend to convey in the first paragraph?3. What does the author think of our energy and strength?4. What do truly reasonable men advocate to solve the problem of race prejudice?5. According to the author, what’s the prerequisite of peaceful co-existence between the races?

Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world, if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.1. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?2. As indicated in the passage, the water problem ___.3. According to the author, the water price should _.4. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to _.5. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to ___.

In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well.First, let’s talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the Fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place. If you call my mobile, you get me. If you call my fixed—line phone, you get whoever answers it.This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the “meeting” influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer “see you there at 8”, but “text me around 8 and we’ll see where we all are”.Texting changes people as well. In their paper, Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging, two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the “talkers” and the “texters”—those who prefer voice to text messages and those who prefer text to voice.They found that the mobile phone’s individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well.Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language. There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the “speakeasy”: the head is held high, in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the “spacemaker”: these people focus on themselves and keep out other people.Who can blame them? Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people’s privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. Perhaps you needn’t worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.1. When people plan to meet nowadays, they ___.2. According to the two British researcher, social and psychological effects are mostly likely to be seen on _.3. We can infer from this passage that the texts are _.4. According to this passage, who is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile?5. An appropriate title for the passage might be, ___.

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