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If it hadn’t been for the doctor’s care, I _____ speaking to you now.

She bought a knife from the shop _____ to peel an apple.

_____ more important, not only the lost cities were recovered, but the new cities were built.

She agreed to take the naughty boy along _____ he behaved himself.

The farmer out up iron fences around the flower _____ garden neighbor’s sheep should break in.

It is important that an undergraduate _____ a grade point average of B in his major field.

When the stranger walked towards him, he fled, the door _____ behind him.

_____ a research student, I would at least master two foreign languages.

“That English fellow’s songs are very poetic.” “_____ the words to the songs, but he also composes the music.”

The newspapers in my hometown don’t have as many pages as they _____ here.

Jim’s score on the test is the highest; he _____ hard.

Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, his box was full of crockery, much of it _____.

The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _____ anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.

By Christmas I _____ in this office for ten years.

“Youth” and “culture” have been a rather more familiar pairing within sociology than “old age” and “culture”. Young people’s spending on clothes, stereo equipment and cosmetics meant that the “teenager” became a vitally important consumer of leisure goods and services. These features of young people’s experiences, along with their increasing proportion within the total population, inevitably caught the attention of several influential sociologists who went on to describe and analyze the phenomenon of “youth culture”. In recent decades, the situation has changed somewhat. With the aging of the population, it is older people who represent an incasing proportion within the total population, some of whom enjoy relative affluence with high levels of disposable income. Consequently, it is older people, rather than young people, who are increasingly regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services. Several sociologists have begun to analyze the cultural implications of population aging. Andrew Blaikie in his book first addressed the phenomenon of “gray culture” at length.Blaikie focuses in particular on the change in styles of growing old embodied in notion of the third Age. This is the stage of the life course after retirement from paid work, where activity, leisure and pleasure are enjoyed before the onset of old age proper brings social dependency, physical infirmities and death. Blailie’s book is not about how individuals with an accumulation of chronological years actually experience later life, but is instead an examination of the changing discourses of growing old as these are expressed in popular culture.Blailie’s analysis is sensitive to issues raised by the reconstruction of old age as a “leisure and pleasure” filled life course stage, including its meaningfulness to those without the financial or other resources necessary to enjoy it. Importantly, he also discusses what the cultural reconstruction of the post-retirement phase of life course means for our understandings and representations of “deep old age” and biological inevitability of death.For a book so concerned with the analyses of visual representations of later life, there are few actual illustrations. This must be regarded as a weakness. More often than not, the reader is wholly reliant on Blaikie’s own description of visual sources and his interpretation of how these represent later life. The reproduction of a greater number of cartoons or photographs would have greatly improved the persuasiveness of his analysis. Nevertheless, this is a timely book which makes an important contribution to the literature on the cultural reconstruction of later life.1. According to the first sentence of the article, you can conclude that _.2. What are the main contents of Blaikie’s book?3. What caused the appearance of the “gray culture” phenomenon?4. Which of the following statements about the Third Age in paragraph 2 is true?5. The significance of the cultural reconstruction of old age mainly lies in _.

One of the good things for men in women’s liberation is hat men no longer have to pay women the old-fashioned courtesiesIn an article on the new manners, Mrs Holmes says that a perfectly able woman no longer has to act helplessly in public as if she were a model. For example, she doesn’t need help getting in and out of cars. “Women get in and out of ears twenty times a day with babies and dogs. Surely the can get out by themselves at night just as easily.”She also says there is no reason why a man should walk on the outside of a woman on the sidewalk. Historically, the man walked on the inside so he caught the garbage thrown out of a window. Today a man is supposed to walk on the outside. A man should walk where he wants to. So should a woman. If, out of love and respect, he actually wants to take the blows, he should walk on the inside—because that’s where attackers are all hiding these days.As far as manners are concerned, I suppose I have always been a supporter of women’s liberation. Over the years, out of a sense of respect, I imagine, I have refused to trouble women with outdated courtesies.It is usually easier to follow rules of social behavior than to depend on one’s own taste. But rules may be safely broken, of course, by those of us with the gift of natural grace. For example, when a man and a woman are led to their table in a restaurant and the waiter pulls out a chair, the woman is expected to sit in the chair. That is according to Ms. Ann Clark. I have always done it the other way, according to my life.It came up only the other night. I followed the hostess to the table, and when she pulled the chair out I sat on it, quite naturally, since it happened to be the chair I wanted to sit in.“Well,” my wife said, when the hostess had gone, “you did it again.”“Did what?” I asked, utterly confused.“Took the chair.”Actually, since I’d walked through the restaurant ahead of my wife, it would have been awkward, I should think, not to have taken the chair. I had got there first, after all.Also, it has always been my custom to get in a car first, and let the woman get in by herself. This is courtesy I insist on as the stronger sex, out of love and respect. In times like these, there might be attackers hidden about. It would be unsuitable to put a woman in a car and then shut the door on her, leaving her at the mercy of some had fellow who might be hiding in the back seat.1. It can be concluded from the passage that ___.2. What’s the author’s attitude about the whole question of manners and women’s liberation?3. Ms. Ann Clark would most probably agree that _.4. By saying “you did it again” (Para. 7), the author’s wife means that ___.5. Which of the following is NOT the reason why the author gets into a car before a woman?

For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences in philosophy, about which we will talk shortly.In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is essential and substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed. And the world was of a certain kind that he was in the world and that he himself was a certain kind, he wouldn’t be man. The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and independence of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.1. In the authors opinion, ___.2. The most important advances made by man come from _.3. The Greeks who studied conic sections _.4. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _.5. It can be inferred from the passage that man’s need to know is chiefly important in that it ___.

World Trade Organization Director-general Renato Ruggiers predicted that the WTO would boost global incomes by 51 trillion in the next ten years. The pact paves the way for more foreign investment and competition in telecom makers. Many governments are making telecom deregulation a priority and making it easier for outsiders to enter the telecommunication business.The pace varies widely. The U.S. and Britain are well ahead of the pack, while Thailand won’t fully open until 2006. Only 20% of the 5601 billion world market is currently open to competition. That should jump to about 75% in a couple of years—largely due to the Telecom Act in the U.S. last year that deregulated local markets, the opening up of the European Unions markets from Jan. 1, 1998 and the deregulation in Japan. The WTO deal now provides a forum for the inevitable disputes along the way. It is also symbolic: the first major trade agreement of the post-industrial age. Instead of being obsessed with textile quotas, the WTO pact is proof that governments are realizing that in an information age, telecom is the oil and steel of economies in the future. Businesses around the world are already spending more in total on telecom services than they do on oil.Consumers, meanwhile, can look forward to a future of lower prices—by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years—and better service. Thanks in part to the vastly increased call volume carded by the fiber-optic cables that span the globe today, calling half a world away already costs little more than telephoning next door. The monopolies can no longer set high prices for international calls in many countries. In the US, the world’s most fiercely competitive long distance market, frequent callers since last year have been paying about 12 cents a minute to call Britain, a price not much more than domestic rates.The new competitive environment on the horizon means more opportunities for companies from the U.S. and U. K. in particular because they have plenty of practice at the rough-and-tumble of free markets. The U.S. lobbied hard for the WTO deal, confident that its firms would be big beneficiaries of more open markets. Britain has been deregulated since 1984 but will see even more competition than before; in December, the government issued 45 new international licenses to join Britain Telecom so that it will become a strong competitor in the international market. However, the once-cosseted industry will get rougher worldwide. Returns on capital will come down. Risks will go up. That is how free markets work. It will look like any business.1. Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of the passage?2. What does “well ahead of the pack” mean in respect of the U.S. and Britain?3. We can reasonably conclude from the passage that ___.4. In last paragraph, the word “lobby” probably means “_”.5. The tone of this passage can be described as ___.

At home Theodore Roosevelt had affection, not compliments, whether these were unintentional and sincere or were thinly disguised flattery. And affection was what he most craved from his family and nearest friends, and what he gave to them without stint. As I have said, he allowed nothing to interrupt the hours set apart for his wife and children while he was at the White House, and at Oyster Bay there was always time for them. A typical story is told of the boys coming in upon him during a conference with some important visitor, and saying reproachfully, “it’s long after four o’clock, and you promised to go with us at four.” “So I did.” said Roosevelt. And he quickly finished his business with the visitor and went. When the children were young, he usually saw them at supper and into bed, and he talked of the famous pillow fight they had with him. House guests at the White House sometimes unexpectedly caught sight of him crawling in the entry near the children’s rooms, with two or three children riding on his back. Roosevelt’s days were seldom less than fifteen hours long, and we can guess how he regarded the laboring men of today who clamor for eight and six, and even fewer hours, as the normal period for a day’s work. He got up at half past seven and always finished breakfast by nine, when what many might call tile real work of his day began.The unimaginative laborer probably supposes that most of the duties which fall to an industrious President are not strictly work at all; but if anyone had to meet for an hour and a half every forenoon such Congressmen and Senators as chose to call on him, he would understand that that was a job involving real work, hard work. They came every day with a grievance, or an appeal, or a suggestion, or a favor to ask, and he had to treat each one, not only politely, but more or less differently. Early in his Administration, I heard it said that he offended some Congressmen by denying their requests in so loud a voice that others in the room could hear him, and this seemed to some a humiliation. President Mckinley, on the other hand, they said, lowered his voice, and spoke so softly and sweetly that even his refusal did not jar on his visitor, and was not heard at all by the bystanders. If this happened, I suspect it was because Roosevelt spoke rather explosively and had a habit of emphasis, and not because he wished in any way to send his petitioners rebuff through the room.Nor was the hour which followed this, when he received general callers, less wearing. As these persons came from all parts of the Union, so they were of all sorts and temperaments. Here was a worthy citizen from Colorado Who, on the strength of having once heard the President make a public speech in Denver, claimed immediate friendship with him. Then might come an old lady from Georgia, who remembered his mother’s people there, or the lady from Jacksonville, Florida, of whom I have already spoken. Once a little boy, who was almost lost in the crush of grown-up visitors, managed to reach to the President, “What can I do for you?” the President asked; and the boy told how his father had died leaving his mother with a large family and no money, and how he was selling typewriters to help support her. His mother, he said, would be most grateful if the President would accept a typewriter from her as a gift. So the President told the little fellow to go and sit down until the other visitors had passed, and then he would attend to him. No doubt, the boy left the White House well contended—and richer.1. From the stories which exemplify Roosevelt’s affection for his family members, we can infer that _.2. According to the author, Theodore Roosevelt _.3. What might an unimaginative laborer think of the Presidents duties?4. How was President Roosevelt’s offending denial of some Congressmen’s requests explained?5. How did the president treat the boy who had lost his father?

The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence was frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial society with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status, roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult right. At the age of sixteen the adolescence is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; He can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights. The young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contacts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after maturity status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what points adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ___.2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to _.3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is _.4. Starting from 22 _.5. According to this passage, it is TRUE that ___.

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