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The farm is a major marketplace for millions of tons of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and for advanced machinery and the fuel required to run it. The modern super-farm, large and highly capitalized, is resource dependent compared with the diversified small farms that were once dominant. On diversified farms, major energy needs may be supplied by resident humans and animals. Soil fertility may be maintained by alternating cash crops and restorative crops, and also by returning animal manure to the soil. This fanning model of relatively self-sufficient agriculture, and the way of life associated with it, are still economically viable, as demonstrated by prosperous Amish farmers and other practitioners of “alternative” agriculture. Particularly relevant to today’s mainstream agriculture are the energy-saving practices on large “organic” farms, which are thoroughly mechanized but which minimize the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers.By comparison, mainstream American agriculture has been careless in its use of energy, water, and land. When fossil energy was cheap, applications of fertilizers and pesticides paid large dividends, so farmers were encouraged to use these products. Soon most farmers used too much fertilizer and pesticide. Farmers in dry regions enjoyed an era of cheap water, obtained from publicly subsidized irrigation systems or from pumping groundwater using inexpensive energy. The soil too was expendable as demand grew for U.S. agricultural products.The period of extraordinary profligacy in the use of soil, water, and fossil fuels may well be at an end. The new structure of large farms is quite sensitive to cost factors. These adaptive farms, whose development was assisted by public tax, subsidy and research policies, have access to capital, technologies, and management skills, enabling them to switch relatively quickly to resource-conserving practices—for example, to low-tillage system that requires less fuel, that shepherds soil moisture, and that may reduce soil erosion. It seems likely that federal programs that have enlarged our farms, therefore, have had a further result of creating the potential for a more conserving agriculture. With respect to energy use, for example, energy costs per unit of output are lower for large farms, mainly because these farms quickly economized on energy as costs rose. In the future, according to one authoritative assessment, “agricultural production is likely to use capital and land more intensively but energy, fertilizer and labor less intensively”.1. The main difference between the modern super farm and diversified farms lies in __.2. The second paragraph focuses on the fact that .3. The word ‘profligacy’ (para. 3) most probably means .4. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?5. It can be seen from the passage that the problem of resource conservation in agriculture _.

As children get older, self-discipline should take the place of imposed discipline. Constraints become internalized and children begin to weigh from within the validity of their promptings. But their tendency to be self-critical, to develop a dialogue without that is why discussion is so important during adolescence. Those in authority over children will, therefore, attempt to get children to do what is sensible by appealing to their common sense instead of ordering them around or appealing to their own status. They will not say “I’m your father and I’m telling you not to smoke,” but will point out the dangers involved. It is a further question, however, whether a children acceptance of good reasons should be the criterion for his action. If a parent explains to a child why it is stupid and wrong to put objects on railway lines, and yet sees him doing so, will he stand aside and reflect that the boy is learning to choose? Parents must weigh their own fundamental principles against what is instructive for their children. Example, of course, is crucial. Parents and others must provide a pattern out of which the child can eventually develop his own style of self-regulation. This is not likely to happen unless exercise of authority is rationalized and sensitively adapted to age, to persons, and to the tasks in hand. For the young will tightly rebel against the irrational expression of a traditional status. In brief, teachers and parents must learn to be in authority without being authoritarian.1. When children get older .2. The sentence “their tendency to be self-critical depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company” could be best interpreted as .3. Which of the following is implied but not mentioned?4. The author’s style of this passage can best be described as .5. The best title for the passage would probably be .

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human- relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are again and again tested by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to the nineteenth century free enterprise capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is _2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that .3. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those .4. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should .5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as ____.

Cheques have （1）replaced money as a means of exchange, for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very （2）for both the buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money: They are quite （3） in themselves. A shopkeeper always runs a certain （4）when he accepts a cheque and he is quite （5） his rights if, on occasion, he refuses to do so.People do not always know this and are （6） if their good faith is called （7）. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had had an extremely unpleasant （8）. He went to a famous jewelry shop which kept a large （9）of precious stones and asked to （10） some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked （11） he could pay by cheque. The assistant said that this was quite （12）, but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone （13）exactly the same name had presented them with a worthless cheque not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace （14）. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay （15） he wanted to get into serious trouble. （16）, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the （17）, but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note （18） had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note （19）: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” Fortunately, my friend’s handwriting was quite （20） the thief’s. He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the string of pearls with him.

Child ______ she is, the girl is quite independent.

A hundred dollars __ not buy as much as _ used to.

The drunkard was found ______ under the bench in the park.

How about us ______ a concert at the weekend?

______ for his timely help, I could not have completed my project in time.

You ______ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.

There ______ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.

The central provinces have floods in some years, and ______.

There is an illness that can result in total blindness ______ left untreated.

You needn’t worry ______ regards the cost of the operation.

______ is not a serious disadvantage in life.

Barry had an advantage over his mother ______ he could speak French.

______ I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.

Intellect is to the mind ______ sight is to the body.

There is no doubt ______ the company has made the right decision on the sales project.

The reported mortality rates from contemporary African famines are inaccurate, due partly to the difficulties of collecting such information, but also to international agencies’ tendency to ______ figures in order to emphasize need for support.

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