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A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily ____.

The shipping authorities followed the ____ of the unidentified submarine on their radar screens.

Joan failed in the final examination because she was ____ to the teacher’s advice.

There have been several translations of the Bible, including the revised ____.

Does brain power ____ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.

Anyone who can study abroad is fortunate; but, of course, it is not easy to make the ____ from one culture to another.

Directions: Write an article on “How motivation plays a crucial role in achieving success in education and in life”. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument with examples. You should write no less than 200 words. Write your article on the Answer Sheet.

Frequently, you may have had to search for causes of important events. The demand for such a search may have arisen from a disaster, perhaps an accident which should have been avoidable. (1) Yet you have searched, too, for the causes leading to triumphs: your championship team would like to repeat its winning record in the succeeding year: a friend has overcome a handicap which now confronts you.(2) In these instances, you probably have not written down whatever causes you found, though if the search were sufficiently serious, a written record may have been essential. You thus discovered the usefulness of the cause and effect pattern. You saw that it can be especially helpful in the process of analysis, in answering the question why.Of what does the cause and effect pattern consist? (3) To answer this, you may first look for some immediate causes and confine yourself to their presentation. For example, a young man’s driver’s license is suspended for a month. He has been involved in a series of traffic violations, exceeding the number which the court believes a good driver may have recorded against him. The immediate causes, then, are the violations.A second way to proceed is to move from immediate causes to ultimate causes. To extend the above case, the driver may not know how to drive a car well, never having taken a driver education course. He may have been issued a license after merely passing a test for which he was not really prepared. Moreover, he may be satisfying some inner need by his careless driving. (4) The search for ultimate causes can be endless, and it should not be pursued beyond the requirements established by the search for the answer to the why of a particular situation.In searching for causes, you must avoid false reasoning. That is, you must not mistake a previous or a concurrent event as a cause. (5) Such reasoning forms the basis of superstitions such as the familiar one which claims that a black cat crossing one’s path will be responsible for misfortune. Many other factors must be considered in addition to the black cat.

Everyone wants to be healthy and happy. _1_, illness or accidents may occur without any_2_. Frequently the person who is _3_ can be cared for at home if there is someone _4_ of looking after him under the doctor’s _5_, Sometime arrangements can be _6_ for a visiting nurse to give the necessary _7_ once a day, or often, if necessary. The responsible one in the home _8_ on with the rest of the care during the _9_ between the nurses’ visits.The rapid diagnosis and immediate treatment _10_ the spot of an accident or sudden illness, _11_ awaiting the arrival of doctors, is called the first aid and quite _12_ from the home nursing.When illness does come, _13_ family is affected. Many adjustment have to be made _14_ the family routine needn’t be _15_ completely. Often it can be rearranged with home duties simplified to save time and energy, thus reducing _16_ on the family.The _17_ responsibility for giving nursing care is usually _18_ by one person, frequently the mother. _19_, in order that she may have some much needed rest, or _20_ she herself is ill, other members of the family should learn how to help when sickness occurs.

As a teenager, Dan Butler-Morgan used to nod off during lessons at school. He thought it was just what every rebellious schoolboy did. But when Dan left school, got a job as a mechanic and continued to fall asleep during the day, he realized this wasn’t normal. None of his colleagues dozed off while servicing a car or spent their lunch break snoozing in a comer. When his boss threatened him with the sack, he knew he had to find out what made him so different from everybody else. Dan’s general practitioner was equally baffled and immediately sent him to a sleep center, where he was diagnosed as suffering from narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder that is known to affect at least 2,500 people in the UK.Narcoleptics fall asleep at irregular and unexpected times. “Most people,” says Dan, “however tired, can stay awake if need be. But with me, it’s like a blind is drawn. I can be having a conversation with the most interesting person, but inside, I am fighting a constant battle to stay awake. It’s like someone switches the lights off.”Dan once fell off his bike due to an attack, and has been thrown out of nightclubs by bouncers who thought he was drunk-sufferers are often mistakenly considered to be inebriated or lazy. This, coupled with the fact that nobody is quite sure what causes narcolepsy, makes it hard to diagnose. It is widely believed to be the result of a genetic mutation, and research has shown that sufferers have a deficiency of hypocretin, a small hormone produced in the brain which regulates the body’s state of arousal.Most narcoleptics also experience cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscular control that can cause them to fall to the floor, their heads to slump or their jaws to drop, usually after a sudden surge of emotion such as happiness, anger or fear. During the night, narcoleptics can also suffer from sleep paralysis - an inability to move just before falling asleep or just after waking up - and hallucinations.Dan suffers from all of these symptoms. When I arrive for our interview he holds onto the door for support as his legs buckle in an attack of cataplexy, because “I walked in and didn’t recognize you, and I was a bit taken aback”. He finds it hard to describe the sleep paralysis and hallucinations, but says he begins “to go cold from the toes up, and then get these horrible noises in my head - babies crying and a high-pitched squeal. Then I start to see things, either figures in the room or big hands coming at me from behind the curtains.”The only person who can help Dan to snap out of the hallucinations is his 25-year-old wife, Claire, who is frequently tired as she is woken by the attacks. “I put a hand on his shoulder and he will come round, but it can happen again and again during the night,” she says. At their worst, she estimates, the attacks can occur around 50 times a night.Dan is remarkably fresh-faced for someone who is supposed to feel overwhelming fatigue. He puts this down to the new tablets he takes to control his condition. He used to take an amphetamine-based form of medication, but found that his moods fluctuated too much. But since he started taking amphetamine-free Modafinil, his moods have levelled out and his attacks have decreased to just five or six times a night, three or four nights a week.He thinks that keeping busy also helps his condition. The couple have recently bought a house and Dan works on it every night after work until midnight. “It’s when I’m sitting still for any period of time that I know I’m going to go.” The couple recently went to see a horror movie, and Dan slept through most of it. “Tiny little things that most people take for granted have been affected by my narcolepsy,” he says. “Socially, we can never really plan anything. We go out to dinner and I can just fall asleep in my food.”He is amazed at people’s lack of knowledge about the condition, and has often encountered prejudice. He desperately wanted to join the police force, but was sent a rejection letter, saying he would be a health-and-safety risk. Another potential employer turned him down, telling him the sales assistant in his local chemist had told him Dan would probably tum up late for work all the time.“It’s not a disability,” he says, forlornly. “But people’s perceptions of it have led me to be a bit scared of trying to pursue any other career opportunities, in case I get turned down. And I sometimes feel like I am bringing other people down with it. It can make you feel like a nothing, a nobody.”His attempts to control the cataplexy have changed his personality. “I used to be this happy-go-lucky person, who was always cracking jokes, but now I can’t really laugh because it sets off the cataplexy.” Despite all the obstacles that he has faced, though, Dan still manages to look on the bright side.1. Dan first knew he suffered from narcolepsy .2. The writer expresses her surprise at .3. Dan says he is most likely to fall asleep.4. What has been the main obstacle to him finding work according to Dan?

The CBI will this week announce a Think British campaign aimed at cutting imports and stimulating home industries. The man behind the move is Sir Derek Ezra, chairman of the National Coal Board, who has persuaded the CBI’s council that firms can buy British without paying more for their patriotism.The target of a conference the CBI is calling early in the New Year will be the 30 biggest manufacturing companies in the private sector and 16 leading firms in distribution who together spend £35bn a year.Sir Derek says “By actively pursuing a policy on the lines I have described they could have a major impact in stimulating industrial competitiveness and growth”. Nationalized industries have already switched up to £100m worth of their buying from foreign suppliers to British firms in the past year.In a paper which went to the CBI council last week, Sir Derek produced figures to demonstrate how, by hunting out suppliers who were prepared to co-operate closely in developing equipment and materials at the right quality and price, the nationalized enterprises have succeeded in getting what they want and in boosting Britain's exports.The NCB itself, at the same time as cutting back the import content of its annual $1,000m worth of purchases to 2.6%, has helped the British mining equipment industry to raise its exports from £26m to £129m in two years. The public enterprises together, who spent up to £l0bn on goods and services each year, have cut the amount they buy abroad from 4.3% to 3.4% over the past year.Sir Derek emphasizes that this has not been done by sacrificing profitability. But, Debenhams, one of the handful of retail chains who have been pursing a similar policy, says that it has had to accept a cut in its own margins so far to make it work. The chain has replaced £25m worth of Italian shirts and socks by British products during the past nine months.1. One of the aims of Think British campaign is to .2. Which of the following is true about nationalized industries?3. The British mining equipment industry is .4. The word “this” in the last paragraph refers to .

The right combination of bricks, mortar and plaster can be mixed to build a city, but it is the city’s people who add that extra dimension which makes it vibrant, memorable, famous and much-visited. London is such a city, and a major exhibition about its people makes this point by pulling together paintings, drawings and prints by artists over the centuries to show Londoners from all walks of life and in all manners of settings. The capital’s renowned old markets, most now gone, like Covent Garden and Billingsgate, captured the eye of painters because of the extraordinarily disparate range of characters mingling together. Processions and ceremonial events were popular subjects, although many artists were inspired by the individuals they saw: the street traders, laborers, merchants, craftsmen, society folk, servants, visiting foreigners, the very poor, the old, and the criminals. There is a book which accompanies the show and from which In Britain has chosen its illustrations. Londoners is published by Thames and Hudson, 30-34 Bloomsbury street, London WC1B 3QP.Telephone 01-636 5488. It has 237 illustrations, 20 in color: £20 in hardback, £9.95 paperback. Available post-free direct from the publishers to addresses overseas, or from bookshops in the UK.The exhibition continues until August 2 at the Museum of London. Open Tuesday to Saturday, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Admission free.1. According to the advertisements, the element which adds the real color to a city is .2. From the advertisement, we are told that the book which goes with the exhibition .3. Readers overseas can get a copy of the book .4. From the advertisement, we can infer that there would be free admission .

As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations.Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life.The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer’s brain just as mature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up.We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all. Computer power has increased twice every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man’s flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.1. What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?2. Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of .3. In terms of making decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because .4. Though he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesn’t mean that .

Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness.There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing.And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with Innumerable trifles of whose earth shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come.Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor, he is likely to find far more zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.1. What is the passage on?2. Why should work placed among the causes of happiness?3. Why do the majority of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom?4. What is the writer’s view of work?

They don’t ________ that the building of the nuclear power station has some impact on the environment.

Have you seen the latest ________ of the magazine?

A person ought to conform to the ________ of behavior.

He kept making ________ remarks instead of straightforward yes-or-no replies.

You have the ________ of working hard and being successful or of not working hard and being unsuccessful.

Some people ________ in part the defeat of the revolution in France and Germany to the English diplomacy.

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