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The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is concerned with describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior, which has as its principal, function that of communication.The trouble with the term “behavior” is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior-that of understanding spoken or written language, for example—has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person’s behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior.Once we admit that the study of language behavior involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform linguistically. This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech; much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual.1. What is the best title for this passage?2. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?3. What does the term “behavior” in the second paragraph especially refer to in this passage?4. What does “internal mechanism” (Para. 3) mean?5. What can you infer from the passage?

Modern technology may not have improved the world all that much, but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell—if he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter.Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed “passive” systems, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective “active” system, which doesn’t just contain, deflect, or mask the noise but annihilates it electronically.The system works by countering the offending noise with—“anti-noise”, a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but, that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image), so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite.This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it made for a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost, high-power microprocessors has made active noise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market.Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound waves already headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise signal and send it to the system’s microprocessor, which almost instantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is meant to eliminate: the anti-noise canceling Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethoven’s Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressure produced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it at its source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs one’s peace of mind.1. The writer holds that _.2. According to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system _.3. In Paragraph 5 the word “buffs” means _.4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?5. Active noise-cancellation systems require _.

Throughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitches an ox to a plough.Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to be carried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist.The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small or fed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired.The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasitic infestation.Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies.In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances.About 10 000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step, that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5 000 yea years ago.This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5 000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks.To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most marked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites, where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city.The most complex nonhuman societies those of the insects, are, however, the result of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body.It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.1. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?2. From the passage we know _.3. Judging from the context, the phrase “hand-to-mouth” (Para 5) most probably means _.4. The point of similarity between a complex, human society and a complex bee society is _.5. According to the passage, insect societies _.

Public image refers to how a company is viewed by its customers, suppliers, and stockholders, by the financial community, by the communities （1） it operates, and by federal and local governments. Public image is controllable （2） considerable extent, just as the product, price, place, and promotional efforts are.A firm’s public image plays a vital role in the （3） of the firm and its products to employees, customers, and to such outsiders （4） stockholders, suppliers, creditors, government officials, as well as （5） special groups. With some things it is impossible to （6） all the diverse publics: for example, a new highly automated plant may meet the approval of creditors and stockholders, （7） it will undoubtedly find （8） from employees who see their jobs （9）. On the other hand, high and service standards should bring almost complete approval, （10） low and （11） claims would be widely looked down upon.A firm’s public image, if it is good, should be treasured and protected. It is a valuable （12） that usually is built up over a long and satisfying relationship of a firm with publics. If a firm has learned a quality image, this is not easily （13） or imitated by competitors. Such an image may enable a firm to （14） higher prices, to win the best distributors and dealers, to attract the best employees, to expect the most （15） creditor relationships and lowest borrowing costs. It should also allow the firm’s stock to command higher price-earnings ratio than other firms in the same industry with such a good reputation and public image.

They were ___ in their scientific research, not knowing what happened just outside their lab.

If Japan ___ its relation with that country, it will have to find another supplier of raw materials.

When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were ___ by its complicated traffic system.

The author of the report is well ___ with the problems in the hospital because he has been working there for many years.

A 1994 World Bank report concluded that ___ girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.

To help students understand how we see, teachers often draw an ___ between an eye and a camera.

Failure in a required subject may result in the ___ of a diploma.

His use of color, light and form quickly departed from the conventional style of his ___ as he developed his own technique.

It is hard to tell whether we are going to have a boom in the economy or a ___.

The ___ from childhood to adulthood is always a critical time for everybody.

If you want this painkiller, you’ll have to ask the doctor for a ___.

She made two copies of this poem and posted them ___ to different publishers.

When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be ___.

All the musical instruments in the orchestra will be ___ before it starts.

He cut the string and held up the two ___ to tie the box.

Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a ___ event.

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