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It ____ that the old woman she had been taking care of was indeed her own mother.

It is a common theme of many science fiction stories that the world may one day be ____ by beings from the outer space.

It took them several weeks to ____ the wild horse.

The ____ judge accepted money to let the prisoner go unpunished.

The mother was ____ when her son confessed he had robbed a store.

If you want to go to the concert, you’ll have to make a ____, or there will be no tickets.

Many scientists remain ____ about the value of this research program.

“Popular science” books by pioneering scientists come in many varieties, but are almost always （1） waiting for. Such books would certainly be authoritative accounts of the subject matter. What is more important, （2）, is that they give the reader a really unique （3）. The genre includes straightforward expositions of a technical topic, an early example （4） the classic little book on relativity by Einstein himself. More （5）—and perhaps （6） greater value, in the long （7）—one has a （8） of essays on widely varying themes. These reflect, directly （9） indirectly, the motivations, the compulsions, the stance, the personal scientific philosophy （10） short, the credo—of a great scientist, giving the reader （11） insight into the working of a first-rate mind in a manner that even the best of biographies can only （12）. Restricting oneself to examples （13） from physics and （14） areas, some wonderful examples of this class are Wigner’s Symmetries and Reflections, Chandrasekhar’s Truth and Beauty, Feynman’s The Character of Physical Law, and Dyson’s （15） the Universe.

Directions: Nowadays, military informationization is accelerating globally. Most people believe that the development of military informationization depends greatly on the ability of data searching, releasing, collecting and processing. Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title “Opportunities and Challenges: the Development of Global Military Informationization.”

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men. (1)A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age. (2)Men often discover their affinity to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” (3) There is more wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. (4) What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time have been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive e but what is really good.Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. (5) We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.

Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experience with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billion. More recently they picked an unlikely candidate to be their next Web sensation: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物). The men are trying to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmarking service that, in its time, was popular among the technorati, but failed to catch on with a broader audience. “What we plan to do,” Mr. Hurley said in an interview here last week, “is try to introduce Delicious to the rest of the world.” Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and organize them using a simple tagging system, assigning keywords like “neuroscience” or “recipes.” It was praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site’s early popularity spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005 — but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.In December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hinted that the company was planning to sell or shut down the service. At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more than a sliver of that material in a given day. “Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can’t even read 1,000 a day,” Mr. Chen said. “There’s a waterfall of content that you’re missing out on.” He added, “There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discovery problem, and no one has got it right yet.” When the men heard about Yahoo’s plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and they placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.) At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an overhaul of the site’s design and the software and the systems used to tag and organize links.The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips. The home page would feature browseable “stacks,” or collections of related images, videos and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. “We want to simplify things visually, mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they’re doing,” Mr. Hurley said. Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.“You’re Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search,” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provides “a very easy way to save those links in a collection that someone else can browse.” They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons. “We know how hard it would be to build a brand,” Mr. Hurley said. “Delicious lets us hit the ground running with its existing footprint.” A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content — right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said. But Mr. Chen said the team also “liked the idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0 companies that started the social sharing movement on the Web.” He added: “There was some sense of history. We were genuinely sad that it would be shut down.” Both founders acknowledge that they were never diehard Delicious users. “I signed up in 2005 and I didn’t use it again until 2011,” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugh.

Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a ‘knock-out’ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.1. A candle used to burn at auction sales ___.2. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers _.3. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because _.4. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because _.5. A ‘knock-out’ is arranged ___.

We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth whichextended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000 BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.1. Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thin powder fuse analogy?2. During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinction because ___.3. Which statement is true about population increase?4. The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means _.5. The author of the passage intends to ___.

On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, “Someone just bombed the World Trade Center.” Those around me screamed and shouted “No!” in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these “angels”—in fact, desperate office workers—were coming down, someone-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris (碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. But healing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling, while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.1. According to paragraph 1, the author’s office was ___.2. The passage tells us that the author _.3. What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?4. What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?5. In the last paragraph, the author’s attitude is that ___.

Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury.Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.1. The eye of the hurricane is _.2. Which of the following statements is true?3. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?4. The low-lying areas refer to those regions that _.5. Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one’s house from a hurricane?

Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? （1） an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to （2） the news.Newspapers have one basic （3）, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. （4） did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the （5） and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers （6） of the latest news, today’s newspapers （7） and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices （8） advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very （9）. Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to （10） even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main （11） of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The （12） in selling advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This （13） in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends （14） on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world, and even （15） space.

The rocks above the cave have gradually ______ away, bringing the fossils to the surface.

The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not ______ for re-election.

The analysis is not complete and Dominion ______ no numbers to the public.

The ______ significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the direct ancestor of the human genus.

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