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Those students who have access to his esoteric discussions were impressed by the scope of his thinking.

Abraham Lincoln was quintessential American patriot.

His unfortunate appearance was offset by an attractive personality. The underlined part means all the following EXCEPT ______.

The automatic doors in supermarkets ______ the entry and exit of customers with shopping carts.

If Japan ______ its relation with that country, it will have to find another supplier of raw materials.

The healthy adolescent boy or girl likes to do the real things in life, to do the things that matter. He would rather be a plumber’s mate and do a real job that requires doing than learn about hydrostatics sitting at a desk, without understanding what practical use they are going to be. A girl would rather look after the baby than learn about child care. Logically we should learn about things before doing and that is presumably why the experts enforce this in our educational system. But it is not the natural way—nor, I venture to think, the best way. The adolescent wants to do things first for only then does he appreciate the problems involved and want to learn more about them.They do these things better in primitive life, for there the adolescent boy joins his father in making canoes or going out fishing or hunting. He is serving his apprenticeship in the actual accomplishments of life. It is not surprising that anthropologists find that the adolescents of primitive communities do not suffer from the same neurotic “difficulties” as those of civilized life. This is not, as some assume, because they are permitted more freedom, but because they are given more natural outlets for their native interests and powers and allowed to grow up freely into a full life of responsibility in the community.In the 19th century this was recognized in the apprenticeship system, which allowed the boy to go out with the master carpenter or thatcher, to engage in the actual work of carpentry or roof-mending, and so to learn his trade. In some agricultural colleges at the present time young men have to do a year’s work on a farm before their theoretical training at college. The great advantage of this system is that it lets the apprentice see the practical problems before he sets to work learning how to solve them, and he can therefore take a more intelligent interest in his theoretical work.Since more knowledge of more things is now required in order to cope with the adult world, the period of growing-up to independence takes much longer than it did in a more primitive community, and the responsibility for such education, which formerly was in the hands of the parents, is now necessarily undertaken by experts at school. But that should not make us lose sight of the basic principle, namely the need and the desire of the adolescent to engage responsibility in the real pursuits of life and then to learn how-to learn through responsibility, not to learn before responsibility.1. According to the author, what is the natural way of education?2. The main advantage of the natural way of education, whether in primitive or modern times, is that learners .3. According to the context, “this in the third paragraph refers to .4. Which of the following best sums up the author’s main point?

In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can’t change your behavior by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It’s more like a muscle, which ties easily. Moreover, you’re a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you’ll probably do so, too.The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.Much of our behavior, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits cue, routine, reward.You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shoes on the floor at night, that’ll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don’t try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neutral networks inside.To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You’re trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you’re probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don’t just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief.1. Which of the following is a key element in the 19th-century character model?2. The 19th-century character model supposedly does not work because .3. According to the new character model, personal behavior, could be altered through .4. We learn from the passage that the new character model __.

Economical speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that verge household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful but lawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: l) it excludes taxes, transfers and compensation like employer provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which propose an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and equality .Moreover, can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.The Jones Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality of—life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.1. What does the author think of the 2015 report by the Census Bureau?2. What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?3. What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S. in terms of real consumption per person?4. What can we infer from the pas about American people’s economic well-being?

Inundated by more information than we can possibly hold in our heads, we’re increasingly handing off the job of remembering to search engines and smart phones. Google is even reportedly working on eyeglasses that could one day recognize faces and supply details about whoever you’re looking at. But new research shows that outsourcing our memory and expecting that information will be continually and instantaneously available -is changing our cognitive habits.Research conducted by Betsy Sparrow, an assistant professor of psychology at Columbia University, has identified three new realities about how we process information in the Internet age. First, her experiments showed that when we don’t know the answer to a question, we now think about where we can find the nearest Web connection instead of the subject of the question itself. A second revelation is that when we expect to be able to find information again later on, we don’t remember it as well as when we think it might become unavailable. And then there is the researchers’ final observation: the expectation that we’ll be able to locate information down the line leads us to form a memory not of the fact itself but of where we’ll be able to find it.But this handoff comes with a downside. Skills like critical thinking and analysis must develop in the context of facts; we need something to think and reason about, after all. And these facts can’t be Googled as we go; they need to be stored in the original hard drive, our long-term memory. Especially in the case of children, “factual knowledge must precede skill” says Daniel Willingham, a professor of psychology, at the University of Virginia -meaning that the days of drilling the multiplication table and memorizing the names of the Presidents aren’t over quite yet. Adults, too, need to recruit a supply of stored knowledge in order to situate and evaluate new information they encounter. You can’t Google context.Last, there’s the possibility, increasingly terrifying to contemplate, that our machines will fail us. As Sparrow puts it, “The experience of losing our Internet connection becomes more and more like losing a friend.” If you’re going to keep your memory on your smart phone, better make sure it’s fully charged.1. According to the passage, “cognitive habits” refers to ______.2. Which of the following statements about Sparrow’s research is CORRECT?3. What is the implied message of the author?

Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it _1_ not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; _2_ the workers in government offices who _3_ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. _4_ taxation, we pay for things that we need just _5_ we need somewhere to live and something to eat.But _6_ everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about _7_ taxation should be arranged.In most countries, a direct tax on _8_, which is called income tax, _9_. It is arranged in such a _10_ that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows _11_ as the taxpayer’s income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people _12_ as high as ninety-five percent!_13_ counties with direct taxation nearly _14_ have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties”. Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops _15_ really have to pay the duties, in the _16_ of higher prices. In some counties _17_ there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is _18_ but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things _19_ jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is _20_ as the rich pay it.

Recently there has arisen a controversy about whether or not private car owners should pay a “pollution tax” depending on the emission levels of their private cars. Some regard it as an effective way to control the number of cars and reduce pollution in the city. But others don’t think so. What is your opinion?Directions: Please write on the Answer Sheet a composition of about 200 words on the topicShould Private Car Owners Be Taxed for Pollution, in which you should follow the outline below:1) State specifically what your opinion is.2) Provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.3) Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

近年来，中国市场经济的发展使我国科学技术、生产力水平大幅度提高，社会文化事业大力发展，综合国力不断增强。市场经济在提高人民群众生活水平，实现共同富裕的目标中发挥着巨大作用。与改革开放之初相比，中国人的消费习惯和生活方式已发生质的变化，温饱型的消费模式已逐渐被享受型的消费模式所取代，中国已进入（usher in）消费时代。人们对物质财富的追求反过来也大力推动了经济和社会的发展。

The city government is building more roads to ______ the increasing number of cars.

His remarks are always succinct and pointed. The underlined part means ______.

You must discount what Jack tells you, for he is too fond of a good story. The underlined part means ______.

John doesn’t understand true friendship; he never does anything for anyone unless he thinks the other person will ______.

Her jewels were inexpensive but no meretricious. The underlined part means ______.

They’ve lifted a two-year-long economic ______ on the country.

The young man acted foolishly in spite of all his father’s exhortation.

The veracity of the statement is doubtful. We’ll make more investigation. The underlined part means ______.

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