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Paul Baard, an organizational and motivational psychologist at Fordham University’s graduate business school in New York, knows just how stressful a work environment can get. He has consulted with athletes in the high-stakes, high-pressure world of professional sports.What secret has he passed along to those clients? When you are in a slump, you can still contribute by encouraging your teammates.Rather than burdening a team with distracting self-doubt and pity, try to help others, he advises. “In order to remain self-motivated, research has found that the inherent psychological need for competence must be satisfied,” Mr. Baard says. “This drive involves not only in the ability to do a job but to achieve something through it—to have impact, to contribute. A way an employee can expand opportunities to satisfy this need is to help her team succeed by encouraging others, even if her direct contributions are limited.”Age, occupation and family circumstances, among other factors, can all play a part in how workers respond to different stressors. But experts say there are steps that can help you take control of your happiness at work this year.Find meaning in your tasks. Commitment to a goal beyond self-promotion can help a worker manage stress levels, says John Weaver, a psychologist at Psychology For Business, a Brookfield, Wisconsin-based employment consultancy.Several years ago, Mr. Weaver consulted for a long-term-care facility in Wisconsin that had flooded. Because of the water damage, the residents and employees had been forced to move into an already occupied facility. Employees felt confined and annoyed, he says, and pettiness abounded.To help the workers regain a positive attitude, Mr. Weaver asked each person this question. Why do you do this work?“People don’t work in nursing because it pays so much or it’s fascinating or it’s easy,” he says. “As they heard the question you could see their attitude change. They could see the reasons why they needed to work together, to put aside difficulties and compromise, and residents were treated better.”Remembering why you are in a business can help you manage stress, Mr. Weaver says.While working on his thesis. Rick Best, now a health-services scientist for Lockheed Martin, researched stress among nurses who work with veterans, a group that faces high demands with low resources. One might have expected elevated levels of burnout. But there were high levels of satisfaction.“The meaning they got from their job was high.” says Mr. Best. “They went into the profession of nursing to help people. As a consequence, they derived much meaning from what they were doing, and they were better able to handle stress.”Reduce your expectations. Given how much energy employees devote to their job, there can be quite a few expectations wrapped up in work. Workers often look to employers for career, socialization, and personal and intellectual growth opportunities.1. Helping the team succeed by encouraging others can satisfy the need for .2. People devote to nursing because .3. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?

Early in the age of affluence（富裕）that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy...demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption...We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”Americans have responded to Lebow’s call, and much of the world has followed.Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever prevalent.Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.Of course, the opposite of over-consumption—poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed（被剥夺得一无所有的）peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads（游牧民族）turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?1. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II .2. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?3. According to the passage, consumerist culture .4. It can be inferred from the passage that __.

Musicians—from karaoke singers to professional cello players—are better able to hear targeted sounds in a noisy environment, according to new research that adds to evidence that music makes the brain work better.“In the past ten years there’s been an explosion of research on music and the brain,” Aniruddh Patel, Senior Fellow at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego, said today at a press briefing.Most recently brain-imaging studies have shown that music activates many diverse parts of the brain, including an overlap in where the brain processes music and language.Language is a natural aspect to consider in looking at how music affects the brain, Patel said. Like music, language is “universal, there’s a strong learning component, and it carries complex meanings.”For example, brains of people exposed to even casual musical training have an enhanced ability to generate the brain wave patterns associated with specific sounds, be they musical or spoken, said study leader Nina Kraus, director of the Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory at Northwestern University in Illinois.Kraus’ previous research had shown that when a person listens to a sound, the brain wave recorded in response is physically the same as the sound wave itself. In fact “playing” the brain wave produces a nearly identical sound.But for people without a trained ear for music, the ability to make these patterns decreases as background noise increases, experiments show. Musicians, by contrast, have subconsciously trained their brains to better recognize selective sound patterns, even as background noise goes up.At the same time, people with certain developmental disorders, such as dyslexia（阅读障碍症）, have a harder time hearing sounds amid the continuing loud confused noise—a serious problem, for example, for students straining to hear the teacher in a noisy classroom.Musical experience could therefore be a key therapy for children with dyslexia and similar language-related disorders, Kraus said.In a similar vein, Harvard Medical School neuroscientist Gottfried Schlaug has found that stroke patients who have lost the ability to speak can be trained to say hundreds of phrases by singing them first.In research also presented today at the AAAS meeting Schlaug demonstrated the results of intensive musical therapy on patients with lesions（损伤）on the left sides of their brains, those areas most associated with language.Before the therapy, these stroke patients responded to questions with largely incoherent sounds and phrases. But after just a few minutes with therapists, who asked them to sing phrases and tap their hands to the rhythm, the patients could sing “Happy Birthday,” recite their addresses, and communicate if they were thirsty.“The underdeveloped systems on the right side of the brain that respond to music became enhanced and changed structures,” Schlaug said.Overall, Schlaug said, the experiments show that “music might be an alternative medium for engaging parts of the brain that are otherwise not engaged.”1. Why can musicians hear selective sound patterns in a noisy environment?2. According to Kraus, the significance of the link between music and brain lies in the fact that ______.3. How can stroke patients be treated in Schlaug’s findings?

Every year thousands of people are arrested and taken to court for shop-lifting. In Britain alone, about HK$3,000,000’s worth of goods are stolen from shops every week. This amounts to something like $150 million a year, and represents about 4 percent of the shops’ total stock. As a result of this “shrinkage” as the shops call it, the honest public has to pay higher prices.Shop-lifters can be divided into three main categories: the professionals, the deliberate amateur and the people who just can’t help themselves. The professionals do not pose much of a problem for the store detectives, who, assisted by closed circuit television, two-way mirrors and various other technological devices, and usually cope with them. The professionals tend to go for high value goods in parts of the shops where security measures are tightest. And, in any case, they account for only a small percentage of the total losses due to shop-lifting.The same applies to the deliberate amateur who is, so to speak, a professional in training. Most of them get caught sooner or later, and they are dealt with severely by the courts.The real problem is the person who gives way to a sudden temptation and is in all other respects an honest and law-abiding citizen. Contrary to what one would expect, this kind of shop-lifter is rarely poor. He does not steal because he needs the goods and cannot afford to pay for them. He steals because he simply cannot stop himself. And there are countless others who because of age. Sickness or plain absent mindedness, simply forget to pay for what they take form the shops. When caught, all are liable to prosecution and the decision whether to send for the police or not is in the hands of the store manager.In order to prevent the quite incredible growth in ship-lifting offences, some stores, in fact, are doing their best to separate the thieves form the confused by prohibiting customers from taking bags into the store. However, what is most worrying about the whole problem is, perhaps, that it is yet another instance of the innocent majority being penalized and inconvenienced because of the actions of a small minority. It is the aircraft hijack situation in another form. Because of the possibility of one passenger in a million boarding an aircraft with a weapon, the other 999,999 passengers must subject themselves to searches and delays. Unless the situation in the shops improves, in ten years’ time we may all have to subject ourselves to a body-search every time we go into a store to buy a tin of beans!1. Why does the honest public have to pay higher prices when they go to the shops?2. The third group of people steal things because they .3. All of the following security measures in the shops are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT .4. The aircraft hijack situation is used in order to show that __.

The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some “7-8 hours” sleep alternation with some “16-17 hours” wakefulness and that the sleep normally coincides _1_ the hours of darkness. Our present _2_ is with how easily and to what extent this _3_ can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The ease _4_ which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a _5_ of growing importance in industry where automation _6_ round-the-clock working of machines. It normally _7_ from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a _8_ routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. _9_, it is often the case in industry that _10_ are changed every week. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine _11_ he has to change to another, _12_ much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very _13_.One answer would seem to be _14_ periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. _15_, recent research has shown that people on such systems will revert to go back to their _16_ habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and _17_ this is quite enough to destroy any _18_ to night work built up during the week. The only real solution appears to be to hand _19_ the night shift to those permanent night workers whose _20_ may persist through all weekends and holidays.

Directions: The social competition is now intense, so the young people in college should prepare themselves well. What do you think is the best preparation for future, to be competitive or to be cooperative? Please write on the Answer Sheet a composition of about 200 words on the topic To Be Competitive or to Be Cooperative?You are to write in three parts:1. State specifically what your opinion is.2. Provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.3. Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.

城乡一体化（urban-rural integration）是我国现代化和城市化发展的一个新阶段，是要通过对城乡发展实行统筹规划，并通过体制改革和政策调整，破除城乡二元经济结构（dual economic structure），实现城乡在政策上平等，在产业发展模式上互补，让农村居民享受到与城镇居民同样的文明和福利。城乡一体化是一项重大而深刻的社会变革。它使整个城乡经济能够全面、协调、可持续地发展。只有大力推进城乡一体化，妥善处理城乡关系，加强城乡合作，缩小城乡差距，才能确保到2020年我国实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。

In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that works so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain.Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person’s brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain’s best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures（推测）have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.1. Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks to .2. According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive because .3. According to the writer, the brain works efficiently because __.

Cooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travelers scratching their heads over what’s going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travelers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion is, there are no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings. Oneworld and Star Alliance promote themselves as the best choice for all travelers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, Oneworld and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits（专家）predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years.But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let’s just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American Airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago—just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and code-sharing—the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft.So alliances are terrific for airlines—but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP (frequent flyer programme) benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there is the promise of “seamless” travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds Utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific’s Director of Sales and Marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. “It’s fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We are working on this.” Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for customers: “Global travelers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries（行程）.” Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards.Critics of alliances say the much touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. Jeff Blyskal, associated editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo（宣传）over alliances is much ado about nothing. “I don’t see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I’ll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can’t even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline.Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.1. Which is the best word to describe air travelers’ reaction to airline alliances?2. According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit ______.3. Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances?

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake（放弃）this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize, the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. There are some good arguments for a technical education given the fight kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional, It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.1. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is .2. The belief that education is indispensable to all children .3. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is __.

To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees, Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, Monkey do”.Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket（叫嚷）is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.1. By the last sentence of the first paragraph, the author .2. The first element at work when a child learns by imitation is .3. According to the third paragraph, besides achieving his goals, a child should also learn to .4. It can be inferred that children usually imitate people .

Why do you listen to music? If you should put this question to a number of people, you might receive answers like these; “I like the beat of music”, “I look for attractive tunefulness”, “I am moved by the sound of choral singing”, “I listen to music for many reasons but I could not begin to describe them to you clearly”. Answers to this question would be many and diverse, yet almost no one would reply, Music means nothing to me.” To most of us, music means something; it evokes some response. We obtain some satisfaction in listening to music.For many, the enjoyment of music does not remain at a standstill. We feel that we can get more satisfaction from the musical experience. We want to make closer contact with music in order to learn more of its nature; thus we can range more broadly and freely in the areas of musical style, form, and expression. This book explores ways of achieving these objectives. It deals, of course, with the techniques of music, but only in order to show how technique is directed toward expressive aims in music and toward the listener’s musical experience. In this way, we may get an idea of the composer’s intentions, for indeed, the composer uses every musical device for its power to communicate and for its contribution to the musical experience.Although everyone hears music differently, there is a common ground from which all musical experiences grow. That source is sound itself. Sound is the raw material of music. It makes up the body and substance of all musical activity. It is the point of departure in the musical experience.The kinds of sound that can be used for musical purposes are amazingly varied. Throughout the cultures of the world, East and West, a virtually limitless array of sounds has been employed in the service of musical expression. Listen to Oriental theatre music, then to an excerpt from a Wagner work; these two are worlds apart in their qualities of sound as well as in almost every other feature, yet each says something of importance to some listeners. Each can stir a listener and evoke a response in him. All music, whether it is the pulsation（振动）of primitive tribal drums or the complex coordination of voices and instruments in an opera, has this feature; it is based upon the power of sound to stir our senses and feelings.Yet sound alone is not music. Something has to happen to the sound. It must move forward in time. Everything that takes place musically involves the movement of sound. If we hear a series of drumbeats, we receive an impression of movement from one stroke to the next. When sounds follow each other in a pattern of melody（旋律）, we receive an impression of movement from one tone to the next. All music moves; and because it moves, it is associated with a fundamental truth of existence and experience. We are stirred by impressions of movement because our very lives are constantly in movement. Breathing, the action of the pulse, growth, decay, the change of day and night, as well as the constant flow of physical action—these all testify to the fundamental role that movement plays in our lives. Music appeals to our desire and our need for movement.1. The author indicates at the beginning of the passage that .2. We can infer from the second paragraph that the book from which this excerpt is taken is mainly meant for .3. The importance of movement in music is explained by comparing it to __.

There’s simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell it, you can find it. Myers is the founder of Auburn University’s Institute for Biological Detection System, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices—an artificial nose. For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police, arson（纵火）investigators and food-safety inspectors.The technology that they are working on would suggest quite reasonably that, within three to five years, we’ll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination.The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry are astonishing. But so, too, are the possibilities for abuse: Such machines could determine whether a woman is ovulating（排卵）, without a physical exam—or even her knowledge. One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that it has been impossible to search everyone. That’s getting not to be the case.Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seen before. Aroma Scan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures. Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail-size chip with thousands of odor receptors（感受器）, enough to create a sensor that’s nearly as sensitive as a dog’s nose.1. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?2. A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is .3. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential .4. The author’s attitude towards Larry Myers’s works is __.

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious _1_ to how they can be best _2_ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and _3_ but not just in ways that emphasize competition. _4_ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the _5_ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are _6_ by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be _7_ to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, _8_, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, _9_ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide _10_ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful _11_ dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the _12_ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult _13_ visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have _14_ attention spans. A variety of activities, should be organized _15_ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to _16_ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants _17_. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. _18_ they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by _19_ for roles that are within their _20_ and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.

Directions: Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships that people make? Has this been a positive or negative development? Please write on the Answer Sheet a composition of about 200 words.You are to write in three parts:1) State specifically what your opinion is.2) Provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.3) Bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.

在过去几十年间，博物馆的参观人数剧增，而且我看还会继续增加。随着人口的老龄化，更多人退休后还在学习，大中、小学也推出更富想象力的知识传授方式，这样一来，博物馆和美术馆将在教育过程中起到关键的作用。为了充分发挥这一作用，博物馆和美术馆不仅要敞开大门，而且还要确保其展品以吸引人的方式展示出来，既有信息技术的展示，又有教师的生动讲解。此外，博物馆争取赞助仍将不是一件容易的事，但在改善博物馆和相关产业之间的商业关系方面，存在着巨大潜力。

He was disappointed by his result, but he is now ______ to having to retake the exam.

Charles ______ to the rope his would-be rescuers had thrown to him.

He is an honest person. His actions are always ______ his words.

The operation could ______ her life by two or three years.

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