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Milk, butter, and cheese are ______ here from the farms.

He felt ______ of what he had done in school.

______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

Everyone ______ the right to his own opinion.

His guess was ______ of the mark.

Rock music usually ______ the young people in most countries.

This is the military ______. Nobody is allowed to get in without permission.

If you discuss a subject without taking an adversarial position, you’ll get closer to the truth of the matter than you would by going at each other ______.

You have your choice of three ______ of ice cream.

He gave us a good ______ of his experience.

This mountain range has many high ______ and fertile valleys.

His proposal is ______ to all of us and you do not need to tell us more about it.

Directions: Write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “Why Are Families Not as Close as They Used to Be”. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).1.人们普遍认为家庭成员之间的关系不像过去那么紧密；2.分析可能的原因；3.提出你的建议。

(1) The developing countries of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia once merely exported raw materials and cash crops in return for manufactured goods. People in these countries provided for most of their own needs through subsistence agriculture and small-scale crafts. In time, though, people in these countries grew increasingly dependent on the global economy, because local crafts could not compete with the cheap, factory-made exports of the developed countries, such as European nations, the United States, and Japan. To decrease their dependence, many developing countries sought to strengthen their economies by building factories, modern dams, and roads during the 1960 and 1970s. Government frequently made poor financial choices. However, infrastructure projects such as dams and highways were often too massive for local needs. Choices about industry were sometimes not based on the best interests of the country, and protection from competition frequently resulted in inferior goods. (2) As result, products could not compete on the global market with the higher-quality goods from the industrialized countries. Many developing countries then had little income to pay off debts incurred (招致) during their expansion.A few developing economies succeeded in building prosperity through industrialization during the 20th century. The most notable of these were South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong S.A.R. Like Japan during the 19th century, they established tariffs and other barriers to protect local products from foreign competition and invested local wealth in industrial development. (3) Also like Japan, they focused on selling the products they manufactured to foreign consumers in order to bring wealth into the country. By the end of the 20th century some experts considered these economies to be developed, rather than developing, although many of South Korea’s economic successes were reversed in the financial crisis of 1997. (4) Following a similar path, China advanced economically through a rapid expansion of manufactured exports during the late 20th century.Meanwhile, multinationals based in the economically developed world set up low-wage manufacturing facilities in some developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia and in Central and South America. These factories typically generated few long-term benefits for the local economy. The profits flowed outside the country to the shareholders of the foreign multinationals. Also, the developing countries were forced to participate in a “race to the bottom” to attract multinational investment. (5) If a developing country or its people sought higher wages or enforced labor or environmental protections, multinationals often simply relocated production to a country with lower cost.

(1) In many of the countries struggling to find enough water for their populations, it is the government that is to blame, not geography according to a report out this week.(2) Several recent UN studies show that lack of water is holding back food production and economic development in more and more regions around the world. According to the UN Environment Program, a third of the planet will face water shortages by 2025.But Caroline Sullivan, head of water policy and management at Britain’s Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) in Wallingford, Oxford shire, says these problems are often of a country’s own making. (3) “It is easy for governments to blame geography when the problem is usually their own failings.” She says. Unless they realize this, they will have no chance of achieving the goal agreed at this year’s World Summit of halving the number of people without access to clean drinking water by 2015, she adds.Sullivan is the chief author of the Water Poverty Index, published this week by the CEH The index, which was put together with Sullivan’s colleagues at the water policy think tank the World Water Council, ranks countries by how efficiently they conserve, use and deliver water to those who need it.(4) It reveals a sharp contrast between countries that manage their water well and those that don’t. Haiti and the Dominican Republic share the same Caribbean island, and have similar populations and access to similar amounts of Water. Yet while the Dominican Republic appears in the top half of the index, Haiti suffers last out of the 147 countries assessed.One reason is poverty, but Haiti has also chopped down its forest, causing 20% much soil erosion that rainfall runs into the sea in flash floods rather than soaking into the soil and supplementing aquifers (地下蓄水层).Not all rich nations fare well in the index. (5) The U.S. and Japan come 32nd and 36th respectively, largely because the way they collect and use water is wasteful and damages the environment. Australia ranked 44th, while Britain is in 11th place. “The real crisis is not the amount of water. It’s the way we use it.” says Sullivan.

I am never the first in line to try out or buy new technologies Case in point: I am the only person I know who has managed to survive on the planet this long without owning a cell phone. I live a simple, wire free life in a mountainous village on a remote island in the Aegean.This is why we moved here, to leave the city smog and the all-frantic pace behind us. Instead, we are surrounded by goats and cats. We made the right decision.A couple of weeks ago on the beach, I came across a salmon colored conch shell. It’s a silly habit, but I hold a shell to my ear to see if I can hear the waves crashing. I never do, of course, but I repeat the exercise endlessly. I don’t know why the thought hit me, but suddenly it occurred to me this shell was about the size of a first-generation cell phone. I decided to keep itEver since I brought it home, I’ve been amusing myself by “dialing” it and waiting for it to ring. Amazing, this modern technology! I have called it and am quite taken with it.I figured it was time to test it out in the real world, minute as my “real world” is. I took it with me one day when we went out for lunch. As busy the other tables reached for their cell phones to check in with their bosses about this or that, I made my move. I held my shell phone to my ear and spoke briefly. I am a woman of few words.I watched for reactions, but nobody seemed the least bit concerned. On his way out, one diner complimented me on my unusual model. “Oh, it’s the latest in the Omega-22-Alpha series.” I smiled, “I bought it at the big electronics trade fair.”I had to laugh at my own joke: I haven’t been off my little Greek island for two years. I have completely forgotten what the interior of a bookstore or a movie theater looks like. I live 28sea-hours from Athens, truly in the middle of nowhere.The diner nodded, still taking me seriously. Perhaps he felt a bit embarrassed that he hadn’t attended the trade fair. After all, nobody wants to admit being out of the loop about the latest trends, electronic or otherwise.I don’t always carry it with me, but now I at least own a modern shell phone and am semi-connected to the rest of the planet. Of course, I won’t hand out my number to just anybody. The last thing I want is a bunch of telemarketers finding me and interrupting my dinner to ask if I want to invest in time shares on a Greek island.I realize it was a bargain, but at the moment, I am having a bizarre bit of a technical difficulty with my wireless wonder. It may be my imagination, but whenever I pick up my phone, I distinctly hear the sea.1. A wire-free life as mentioned in the first paragraph refers to a life .2. The author’s test with her “shell phone” in the real world implies that .3. The author’s attitude towards modern life seems to be one of .4. The author feels her decision to live on the island is a (n) one.5. The best title for this passage is .

The larger a machine and the more numerous its parts, the greater likelihood of a breakdown and the more expensive to repair. What has been said about market forces and management was necessarily oversimplified. The economies of modern industrial nations are large and very complex. To be sure, there is management, and there are market forces at work, but there are also many other factors that help or hinder economic function.In modern industrial societies’ governments play a large role. There is a great amount of regulation, most of it meant for the protection of the public. All regulations affect the way businesses operate, often increasing their costs and reducing their profits. Lower profits, in turn, reduce the amount of money which is known as working capital that a company can use for expansion. Auto emission standards, for instance, have had a significant impact on the manufacture and pricing of automobiles. Other government policies such as taxation, budget deficits, and regulation of the money supply have an effect on how much money is available for people to spend on goods and services.International crises and other conditions also affect the working of an economy. A severe frost in Brazil can ruin a coffee crop and raise the price of that commodity. War can cut off the supply of such resources as petroleum, chromium, or copper. In the United States environmental protests have slowed the development of nuclear energy capacity and the mining of vast tracts of protected land. Weather affects agriculture, a hot, dry summer can damage the wheat crop; floods can destroy thousands of acres of crops suddenly, and insect pests can devastate cropland with a rapid onslaught.People’s attitudes also have an impact on the marketing of goods. Health-conscious individuals, for example, may stop smoking, curtail their intake of alcohol, and eat less of certain kinds of food. Advertising affects what people buy, and it can create a market where none existed. Style and fashion are significant for many consumers.There are other economic problems that are more difficult to understand. For centuries economies have been subject to periods of prosperity followed by periods of decline. Although periods of prosperity can be explained rather easily, the reasons for panics, recessions, and depressions are of a complex nature. So many factors contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, that no economist has ever been able to account for all of them.Because the causes of decline are uncertain, the remedies are equally uncertain. In the late 20th century all industrialized societies through their governments have tried to stabilize economies, keep them prosperous, and reduce unemployment. None of the remedies has worked to the extent that was hoped. How economies work and what remedies can be found to keep them operating efficiently are the tasks of economists, who must work together with businessmen and politicians.1. The chief purpose of the passage is .2. The “machine” in the first sentence of Paragraph 1 is comparable here to .3. The example of auto emission standards is here used to make it clear that .4. Why is it difficult to explain the onset of economic decline?5. The author believes that, to find efficient ways of keeping economy going, economists .

By the 1980s, according to international but admittedly inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven out of ten adults in the world were considered literate. The increase in literacy from ancient times to the present has not been a story of unbroken progress. The ability of people within a given society to read and write has been influenced by a number of factors, including economic well-being, the availability of material to read, the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading.Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies, as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and produce. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely tied to the operations of government, literary became useful and even necessary for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy.During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literary became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world usefulness.With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for a much greater number of people. Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and educational tracts and booklets into the hands of many people.The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promoting the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions, particularly in the United States and France, helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be understood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance, and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well-being.1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?2. From the first paragraph we know .3. According to the passage, what is the major driving force behind the progress toward more literacy?4. In the Renaissance, it was that greatly expand literacy.5. The last paragraph is mainly about .

Do women tend to devalue the worth of their work? Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critically than they do to rewarding the work of others? These were the questions asked by Michigan State University psychologists Lawrence Messe and Charlene Callahan-Levy. Past experiments had shown that when women were asked to decide how much to pay themselves and other people for the same job, they paid themselves less. Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.One theory the psychologists tested was that women judge their own work more harshly than that of others. The subjects for the experiment testing this theory were men and women from the Michigan State undergraduate student body. The job the subjects were asked to perform for pay was an opinion questionnaire requiring a number of short essays on campus-related issues. After completing the questionnaire, some subjects were given six dollars in bills and change and were asked to decide payment for themselves. Others were given the same amount and were asked to decide payment for another subject who had also completed the questionnaire.The psychologists found that, as in earlier experiments, the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves. They also found that the women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women. The differences were substantial. The average paid to women by themselves was $2.97. The average paid to men by themselves was $4.06. The average paid to women by others was $4.37. In spite of the differences, the psychologists found that the men and the women in the experiment evaluated their own performances on the questionnaire about equally and better than the expected performances of others.On the basis of these findings, Messe and Callahan-Levy concluded that women's attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability.1. The experiment designed in the passage would be most relevant to the formulation (表述) of a theory concerning the .2. How is the research of Messe and Callahan-Levy related to earlier experiments in the same field?3. Which of the following statements is supported by the facts stated in the passage?4. The work of Messe and Callahan-Levy tends to support which of the following notions?5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .

Jane and Susan have ______ again and do not speak to each other.

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