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The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401(k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older workers. Among the report’s recommendations: tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.1. According to Hudson Institute researcher, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is .2. The old experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may .3. The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that .4. When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street” the writer .5. Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be .

The age of gilded youth (纨绔子弟) is over. Today’s under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents. Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were born since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation. When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented flat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears.These findings are revealed in a study of the way how the ageing of Britain’s population is affecting different generations. Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontology at King’s College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations. “Today’s older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners.” she said, “They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations born in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime’s earnings to care for them.”The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today’s under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home, it is more likely to be a flat than a house. Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom flat in central London and she sublets the lunge sofa-bed to her brother. “My father took pity and paid off my student debts.” she said, “But I still have no pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years-and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man.” Tinker’s research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol.1. By saying “the growth of the proportion…to younger generations” (Para. 2), Anthea Tinker really means that .2. Why are today’s older middle-aged and elderly becoming the new winners?3. Which factor pushed house prices?4. In what way does Laura Lenox-Conyngham make her living?5. We can conclude from the passage that .

______ her inexperience her failure to secure the contract was not surprising.

With school leavers and graduates in China now mainly free to ______ in the world of work, the number of young people starting up their own business has increased rapidly.

Spy writer John Le Carre hit the ______ with his caustic portrayal of the city’s mix of dreariness and international intrigue in his 1968 novel, A Small Town in Germany.

Parliament met ______ for decades in a former water works because West Germans insisted that Bonn was only a provisional capital—pending the government’s return to Berlin.

The German Government’s long-planned return to its historic capital is in full ______ this summer, almost 10 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Yesterday was such a ______ day we decided to go for a drive.

______ the use of nickel in 1835, spoons and forks were made mainly of silver.

During these ten years, many new methods have been ______ in the field of foreign language teaching.

All the information we have collected in relation to that case ______ very little.

That radio company is so big that it has a lot of ______ in foreign countries.

That is a ______ point of view. I don’t agree with you.

It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ______ free medical care.

Under no ______ will I go there again.

______ our kindness to help her, Susan refused to listen to us.

I certainly didn’t intend to ______ your plans.

The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ______.

We all ______ your coming to help us.

I never realized that someday would be married to a ______.

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