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______, the more severe the winters are.

Directions: Write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “The Importance of Reading Classics”. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).1. 阅读经典著作对人的成长至关重要；2. 现在的人们越来越少阅读经典著作，原因是……3. 你应该怎么做。

For many traditionalists in business and economics, the death of old-style competition as the number-one route to success will hard to swallow. But in the new view, Darwinian competition is of limited value in longer term. (1)The more important challenges is to create opportunities and adapt to changes in a complex network of companies that may sometimes be cooperators sometimes competitors.Just as the idea of economic webs is forcing companies to change their business strategies, so it is altering views about economics. (2) In place of classic theory of decreasing returns as resources and markets are exploited economist Arthur sees what he calls increasing returns. “Increasing returns are the tendency for what is ahead to get farther ahead,” he says. “if a product or a company or a technology—one of many competing in a market-gets ahead by chance or clever strategy, increasing returns can magnify this, and the product or company can make a killing from a product that is not as good as its competitors.”(3) If business systems and ecosystems have something basic in common there is worrying news for bosses. The first rule of complex systems is that it is almost impossible to predict who is a friend and who is an enemy,” says Pimm. He describes field experiments in which a predator is removed from a community. You might expect its prey, species A, to thrive. (4)But about half the time species A suffers because the predator has another prey species B, competing with species A. With the population of species B no longer kept in check by predator, it may even push species A to local extinction.Business ecosystems face problem of deciding who is a friend and who is an enemy. And the bad news doesn’t stop here. “When everything is connected directly or indirectly to everything else, changes in one part of the system may be propagated throughout,” says Pimm. (60) “Sometimes species may go extinct though no fault of their own.”

(1) As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease. And especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有影响的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. (2) This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.(3) The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well”. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. (4) People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body’s condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well”, in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. “Wellness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. (5) And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.

Of the thousands of different kinds of animals that exist in the world man has learned to make friends with an enormous number. Some are pets, and offer him companionship some give protection, and some do hard work which man cannot do for himself. Dogs, which serve man in all three capacities, are found in various breeds in all countries of the world. The Husky can live in the cold polar regions, and the Saluki is at home in the hottest parts of Central Africa. The inhabitants of certain countries are dependent for their very lives on the camel. In the West Indies the little donkey, strong and sure-footed, carrying heavy loads even in mountainous places, is a familiar sight.Trained and tamed for many generations, domestic animals are not accustomed to roaming (到处走动) in search of food and shelter. They look to their masters to provide for their needs, and as long as these are supplied, they are content to do what their masters require.All domestic animals need proper food. It must be suitable for them, sufficient in quantity, fresh and clean. Some people feed a pet dog or cat on odds and ends of table scraps, and then wonder why the animal seems listless (倦怠的) and dull. The quantity of food depends on the size of the animal and the amount of exercise it takes. Overfeeding is as bad as underfeeding. Containers for food and water must be washed regularly if the animal is to maintain good health.Even well cared for animals may sometimes fall ill. If this happens, the wise master seeks the best advice he can get. All sorts of medicines and treatments are available for sick animals, and in some countries organizations exist to provide them free or at a cheap price. Useful, friendly, hardworking animals deserve to have some time, money and attention spent on their health.1. What main idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?2. When an animal is underfed, it will probably .3. Which of the following is NOT true of dogs according to the passage?4. To keep a domestic animal physically fit, its owner is advised .5. Which of the following would be best TITLE for this passage?

Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short, jerky movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate. Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span. The length of time for which the eyes stop—the duration of the fixation—varies considerably from person to person. It also varies within any one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visual aspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at one fixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or a twentieth of a second. One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some central point, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape of rather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words. Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.1. The time of the recognition span can be affected by the following facts EXCEPT .2. The author may believe that reading .3. What does the author mean by saying “but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently” in Paragraph 2?4. Which of the following is NOT true?5. The tune of the author in writing this article is .

“The Google brand has taken on a life of its own,” concedes Jim Lanzone, the boss of Ask.com, the fourth-largest but fastest-growing search engine, and this simultaneously frustrates and delights him. It frustrates him bemuse people say they “Google” things even when they go to Ask or other engines to search the web; bemuse Google is considered, for no good reason (in his opinion), “the safe choice under pressure”; and bemuse many people “don’t seem to want choice” and stick to Google out of mere inertia.But it delights him, because Google, having made many enemies, must now fight many battles; and because Google, perhaps out of hubris, appears to be getting distracted. This month, for instance, Google unveiled a free online spreadsheet program, which, like many Google products, has little to do with web search and is meant to needle Microsoft, the world’s largest software company, which has a near-monopoly on spreadsheets through Excel. Google, in other words, has impressive momentum, says Mr. Lanzone, but a good martial-artist can use his opponent’s momentum to overcome him, so “we’re using search aikido”.Yahoo!, the largest internet portal with about 400m users (of its e-mail, instant-messaging, music and other products), has come up with a strategy to differentiate its own search engine. Yahoo! has been at this game for only two years, but now has hundreds of engineers working on it. In contrast to the quasi-religious faith that Google places in its mathematical algorithms, says Eckart Walther, one of Yahoo!’s search bosses, Yahoo! is “about combining the best of people with the best of technology”.Ask is taking a different tack. It has come up with Expert Rank, an algorithm that also ranks web pages by incoming links and links by theme. So instead of using a web page’s overall popularity to calculate its ranking, it finds the pages that are most popular among experts on a particular subject, a method that often returns better results than Google’s. Ask also uses these thematic clusters to suggest the best ways to narrow or expand a search, a feature called “zoom” that is very popular. Chris Sherman of Search Engine Watch thinks that Ask is as good as Google for general web search—but better than Google for finding online maps and images.As for Microsoft, it has identified Google as a mortal threat to its business and has launched an all-out effort to catch up in online services in general, and in search in particular. Last winter, it tried to buy itself market share by negotiating with AOL for a merger—or at least an agreement under which AOL would switch from Google’s search technology to MSN’s; but Google pre-empted Microsoft and itself took a defensive stake in AOL. Microsoft has also hired former rivals who are well respected in the industry.1. What is the central idea of this passage?2. What is the potential crisis for Google according to Jim Lanzone?3. What is the possible meaning of “aikido” in Paragraph 2?4. Which of the statement is NOT true about Expert Rank?5. Which is the reaction taken to cope with Google’s challenge?

Sleep is a funny thing. We’ re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke—probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing (睡) soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents (住院医生) are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a doctor, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn’t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person’ s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don’t think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a convenience store on the roadside.” “Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep”.Agrawal’s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State’s regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government”.The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you’re worried about the people treating you or a loved one you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility (不出错) and get the rest they need.1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?2. What does the author imply speaking of the sleep problems that doctors face?3. What is the author s purpose of writing Paragraphs 3 and 4?4. What does Dr. Charles Binkley mean by “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government” in Paragraph 5?5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

She can speak French and German, to ______ nothing of English.

His ______ has changed but he has kept the fine qualities of a scientific researcher.

At the meeting both sides exchanged their views on a wide ______ of topics they were interested in.

The gentleman ______ a cherub with his letter.

His debts had to be ______ after he committed suicide with his rifle.

They bought the land with a ______ to build a new office block.

Please give my best ______ to your family.

A ______ change in policy is needed if relations are ever to improve.

It was a wonderful play with a ______ of over fifty actors and actresses.

If you play with electricity, you may get an electric ______.

I’m acting as ______ while the manager is away on business.

It was a close boxing game, but the boxer in blue was ______ to be the winner by three of the four referees.

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