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For much of the world, the death of Richard Nixon was the end of a complex public life. But researchers who study bereavement wondered if it didn’t also signify the end of a private grief. Had the former president merely run his fourscore and one, or had he fallen victim to a pattern that seems to afflict longtime married couples; one spouse quickly following the other to the grave?Pat, Nixon’s wife of 53, died last June after a long illness. No one knows for sure whether her death contributed to his. After all, he was elderly and had a history of serious heart disease. Researchers have long observed that the death of the spouse particularly a wife is sometimes followed by the untimely death of the grieving survivor. Historian Will Durant died 13 days after his wife and collaborator, Ariel; Buckminster Fuller and his wife died just 36 hours apart. Is this more than coincidence?“Part of the story, I suspect, is that we men are so used to ladies feeling us and taking care of us,” says Knul Helsing, an epidemiologist at the John Hopkins School of Public Health, “that when we lose a wife we go to pieces. We don’t know how to take care of ourselves.” In one of the several studies Helsing has conducted on bereavement, he found that widowers who remarried enjoyed the same lower mortality rates as men who’d never been widowed.Women’s health and resilience may also suffer after the loss of a spouse. In a 1987 study of widows, researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles, and UC, San Diego, found that they had a dramatic decline in levels of important immune-system cells that fight off disease. Earlier studies showed reduced immunity in widowers.For both men and women, the stress of losing a spouse can have a profound effect. “All sorts of potentially harmful medical problems can be worsened,” says Gerald Davision, professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. People with high blood pressure, for example, may see it rise. In Nixon’s case, Davision speculates, “the stroke, although not caused directly by the stress, was probably hastened by it.” Depression can affect the surviving spouse’s will to live; suicide rates are elevated in the bereaved, along with accidents not involving cars.Involvement in life helps prolong it. “Mortality,” says Duke University psychiatrist Daniel Blazer, “is higher in older people without a good social-support system, who don’t feel they’re part of a group or a family, that they ‘fit in’ somewhere. And that’s more common problem for men, who tend not to have as many close friendship as women.” “The sudden absence of routines can also be a health hazard,” says Blazer. “A person who loses a spouse shows deterioration in normal habits like sleeping and eating,” he says. “They don’t have the other person to orient them, like when do you go to bed, when do you wake up, when do you eat, when do you take your medication, when do you go out to take a walk? Your pattern is no longer locked into someone else’s pattern, so it deteriorates.” While earlier studies suggested that the first six months to a year-or even first week—were times of higher mortality for the bereaved, some newer studies find no special vulnerability in this initial period. Most men and women, of course do not as a result of the loss of a spouse. And there are ways to improve the odds. A strong sense of separate identity and lack of over-dependency during the marriage are helpful. Adult sons and daughters, siblings and friends need to pay special attention to a newly widowed parent. They can make sure that he or she is socializing, getting proper nutrition and medical care, expressing emotion and above all, feeling needed and appreciated.6. It is known from the passage that Richard Nixon died at the age of .7. According to researchers who study bereavement, Richard Nixon’s death might be .8. In his research on bereavement, Helsing found that .9. According to the passage a spouse’s death can lead the surviving one to .10. It is suggested in the passage that widowers or widows suffer from the death of their spouses because they are .

Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gesture we are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latin and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and culture blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.1. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably .2. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their .3. In countries other than their own most Americans .4. American people ignore cultural differences in differences in their countries because .5. According to the author Americans’ cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will .

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 50 minutes to write a short essay entitled More Care for the Disadvantaged. You should write about 150 words following the outline give below.1. 在我国弱势群体已经形成。2. 这个群体面临的各种问题。3. 如何帮助弱势群体解决他们的问题。

One of the most difficult situations that a researcher can encounter is to see or suspect that a colleague has violated the ethical standards of the research community. It is easy to find excuses to do nothing, but someone who has witnessed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act. At the most immediate level, misconduct can seriously obstruct or damage one’s own research or the research of colleagues. More broadly, even a single case of misconduct can malign scientists and their institutions, result in the imposition of counterproductive regulations, and shake public confidence in the integrity of science.

诚然，揭发一个不道德行为问题，大都不是一件容易的事。有时候，匿名是可能的，但并不总是这样。过去，曾发生被控告者或被怀疑的同事进行报复的事并产生了严重后果。关于不轨行为的任何举报，都是一个需要认真对待的重要指控。如果处理不当，一个举报能严重伤害被控告者、指控者、有关单位，乃至整个科学。

As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media ____.

They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ____, or a painter of defective paint.

As the core of the management board, he can always come up with ____ ideas to promote the corporation’s marketing strategies.

With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ____ success.

Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become ____ and are no longer used in the present days.

His ____ with computers began six months ago and has spent most of his spare time on cyber games ever since.

Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, he would never allow his personal feelings to ____ with an assignment.

The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ____ called “hot” and later “swing”.

Nothing has ever equaled the ____ and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world.

We all buy things on the ____ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse” buy.

In fear for their lives and in ____ of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.

Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ____ and more gradually than now seems desirable.

Mr. Green’s sore arm is not a new development but the return of a ____ ailment.

We cannot go camping while the weather is so ____.

Tim’s utterly ____ by that woman.

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