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Selling your car or truck on your own can be a financially rewarding experience, but when selling a vehicle on our own, particularly online, guard against ______.

For thousands of years, ______ have been producing awe-inspiring structures, beautiful pieces of furniture, and the everyday wooden items and buildings that are taken for granted.

Pausing for just 25 seconds before buying a chocolate bar can be enough to see off the ______ in favor of a healthier snack, new research suggests.

It was a mystery that had ______ the intellectual efforts of Isaac Newton and teased the mind of Albert Einstein. Indeed, there are times when great minds become puzzled.

No one knows about it ______ she.

The basic steps in the management planning ______ involve creating a road map that outlines each task the company must accomplish to meet its overall objectives.

Dogs usually have a keen ______.

New research from Harvard Medical School and University of California, San Diego suggests that happiness is influenced not only by the people you know but by the people we don’t know.The study showed that happiness spreads through social networks, sort of like a virus, meaning that your happiness could influence the happiness of someone you’ve never met.“We have known for a long time that there is a direct relationship between one person’s happiness and another’s,” Fowler tells WebMD.“But this study shows that indirect relationships also affect happiness. We found a statistical relationship not just between your happiness and your friend’s happiness, but between your happiness and your friends’ friends’ friends’ happiness.”Fowler and Harvard social scientists Nicholas Christakis, have been studying social networks for several years. Last year the pair made headlines when they reported that obesity seems to spread through social groups, so that your chances of becoming overweight are greater when your friends and their friends gain weight.A related study, published earlier this year, found that smokers were more likely to give up cigarettes when their family, friends, and other social contacts stopped smoking.Their latest research was designed to determine whether happiness spreads through social media networks in a similar way.The researchers recreated the social networks of 4,739 participants whose happiness was measured from 1983 to 2003. Important family changes for each participant—such as a birth, death, marriage, or divorce—were also recorded. The participants were also asked to name family members, close friends, coworkers, and neighbors.After the researchers identified more than 50,000 social and family ties and analyzed the spread of happiness through the group, they concluded that the happiness of an immediate social contact increased an individual’s chances of becoming happy by 15%.The happiness of a second-degree contact, such as the spouse of a friend, increases the likeliness of becoming happy by 10% and the happiness of a third degree contact—or the friend of a friend of a friend—increases the likelihood of becoming happy by 6%. The association was not seen in fourth-degree contacts.Having more friends also increased happiness, but having friends who were happy was a much bigger influence on happiness.Fowler says the findings do not mean you should avoid unhappy people, but that you should make an effort whenever you can to spread happiness.1. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word obesity in Paragraph 5?2. Which of the following social contacts of a person is fourth-degree?3. Which social contact is the contact whose happiness has the greatest influence on a person?4. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?5. The most appropriate title for this article should be ______.

You never see them, but they are with you every time you fly. They record where you are going, how fast you are traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to bear almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book. They are known as the black box.When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India Ocean June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French submarine detected the device’s homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed.In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to bear crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the back of the plane-the area least subject to impact-from its original position in the landing wells (起落架舱). The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots’ conversations, and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft’s final moments. Placed in an insulated case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can resist massive force and temperatures up to 2,000 F. When submerged, they are also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1,2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they are still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane’s black boxes were never recovered.1. What does the author say about the black box?2. What information could be found from the black box on the Yemeni airliner?3. Why was the black box redesigned in 1965?4. Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow?5. What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 447?

When officials in New York City began to piece together how Superstorm Sandy had managed to flood the subway last October, they found that the storm had driven a bundle of lumber from a construction site right through a plywood (夹板) barrier built around one of the entrances to the South Ferry subway station. It was a seeming random act of violence, but in reality, the barriers probably never stood a chance. With a standing-water height of up to 1.5 meters at Battery Park on Manhattan’s southernmost tip, the rising tide skirted (绕过) a second plywood blockade and poured over a waist-high concrete wall at another entrance.Preparing for hurricanes is hard. But the fact that core infrastructure in a global metropolis such as New York was protected by plywood should trigger alarms. South Ferry is a reminder of just how ill-prepared New York was for a storm of this magnitude—and it underscores the scale of the challenge ahead.It wasn’t supposed to be this way. New York City has engaged scientists while working to reduce emissions and prepare for a warmer world. In 2008, Mayor Michael Bloomberg created the New York City Panel on Climate Change, and in August the city council gave the panel a permanent place in its long-term planning process. PIaNYC, a planning document that offers a vision of what the city will look like in 2030, includes a comprehensive chapter on climate change. But none of this prepared the city for Sandy. Nor could it have—the surge that Sandy brought ashore was off the charts.Legions of scientists are now assessing what happened and projecting future risks. The latest, and perhaps best, estimate, based on models by researchers at Princeton University in New Jersey and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, is that the storm surge at Battery Park was a 1-in-500-year event. But the size of a surge is not the only measure of a dangerous storm, nor is Battery Park the only location that matters. Scientists also know that the baseline is changing with the climate. All of which leaves the city, its residents and businesses in the unenviable position of rebuilding in the face of an uncertain future.As this process unfolds, several lessons can be learned from Sandy in many places, premises erected under newer building codes survived the storm with only limited damage at ground level. A new generation of waterfront parks and developments also weathered the storm quite well, showing that there are ways to manage the risks of occasional flooding. But given the predicated sea-level rise and the likelihood of more powerful storms in the future, a more comprehensive strategy is clearly needed.Some positive signs have emerged. The Federal Emergency Management Agency is updating the city’s flood maps, and the city has announced steps to strengthen its building codes. As directed by Congress last year the agency will also be incorporating long-term climate projections, including for sea-level rise, into its rate structure for the federal flood insurance programme. Until now, the programme has served as a government subsidy for risky coastal development—so risky that private insurance companies refused to enter the market.One of the big questions facing the region is whether to spend billions of dollars on storm-surge barrier. Scientists and engineers should clearly include a barrier in their analysis, but a surge is just one of many threats posed by many kinds of storm. Moreover, how fast Now York bounces back will depend not only on damage to infrastructure but also on the strength of social networks and the general health of the communities affected. Farther afield, as sea levels rise, coastal cities will have little choice but to learn to live with more water than they are used to today.1. Officials found that Sandy had managed to flood subway because .2. The word legions in Paragraph 4 means .3. It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that .4. The word barrier in the last paragraph means .5. The author suggests that coastal cities faced with climate change should be __.

Where does morality come from? Throughout the history of Western civilization thinkers have usually answered either that it comes from God, or else through the application of reason.But in The Bonobo and the Atheist, primatologist Frans de Waal argues that there’s another answer that fits the data better: morality comes from our evolutionary past as a social primate. Like our closest relatives, the apes, humans evolved in small, tightly knit, cooperative groups. As a result, again like the apes we are exquisitely sensitive to one another’s moods, needs and intentions.This well-developed empathy provided the trellis on which morality later flowered. De Waal, who is based at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, has been making this case eloquently for many years and over several books, notably in Good Natured back in 1997, and in Primates and Philosophers, 12 years later.In his new work, he bolsters the argument by drawing on a lot of new research, carefully footnoted for those who want to dig deeper. De Waal distinguishes two degrees of morality. The first he calls “one-on-one morality”, which governs how an individual can expect to be treated, and the second “community concern’’, a larger, more abstract concept that extends to the harmony of the group as a whole.Chimps and bonobos certainly have the former—they respect ownership, for example, and expect to be treated according to their place in the hierarchy. But de Waal presents several examples—such as a chimp stepping in to stop a fight between two others—that suggest that they also have a rudimentary (初步的) form of the latter.The book’s title, incidentally, draws on bonobos because they are more likely than chimps to behave morally, to have concern for each other, to value harmony and so on. This, imagines, de Waal, is something morally inclined atheists would want to emulate.If humans inherited morality from our ancestors, though, what are we to make of religion? Here de Waal moves into the territory he has not explored before. Clearly, religion must do something important, since every human culture has it. But instead of religion giving us morality, de Waal turns the tables. Morality, he argues, probably gave us religion as a way of reinforcing the pre-existing community concern.If he’s right, then there may be no absolute code of right and wrong out there to be discovered. Instead, each individual’s evolved sense of empathy and concern for the group may help shape the group’s consensus on what kind of behavior is appropriate. In short, says de Waal, morality may be something we all have to work out together. It’s a persuasive argument, and de Waal’s cautious and evidence-based approach is one that many New Scientist readers are sure to find congenial.That careful approach is less evident in another book covering some of the same ground. In How Animals Grieve, anthropologist Barbara King sets out to explore the question of whether non-human animals grieve for their dead. It’s an intriguing question, but unfortunately King’s book is largely a succession of anecdotes: the cat who roams the house, crying, in search of its dead litter mate; the dog who waits daily at the train station for its dead master; a dolphin trying to keep her dead calf afloat for days.Some of these stories make a persuasive case for some animals—especially apes, elephants and cetaceans—sometimes grieving. No surprises there: I suspect most readers would have conceded that ground right from the start.But King makes little effort to dig ay deeper by exploring, for example, the neural machinery and cognitive skills an animal needs in order to be capable of grief. After all, solitary species such as cats have less need for empathy—and its corollary, grief—than social animals, and small-brained creatures such as turtles may simply lack the brainpower or not form lasting pair bonds.To his credit, de Waal takes full note of such distinctions; King, not so much.1. Which statement would Frans de Waal most probably agree to?2. About religion and morality, Frans de Waal believes that .3. The word trellis in Paragraph 3 means .4. The author finds Barbara King’s book .5. The author writes the passage to .

A week of heavy reading had passed since the evening he first met Ruth Morse, and still he dared not call. Time and again he nerved himself up to call, but under the doubts that assailed him his determination died away. He did not know the proper time to call, nor was there any one to tell him, and he was afraid of committing himself to an irretrievable blunder. Having shaken himself free from his old companions and old ways of life, and having no new companions, nothing remained for him but to read, and the long hours he devoted to it would have ruined a dozen pairs of ordinary eyes. But his eyes were strong, and they were backed by a body superbly strong. Furthermore, his mind was fallow. It had lain fallow all his life so far as the abstract thought of the books was concerned, and it was ripe for the sowing. It had never been jaded by study, and it bit hold of the knowledge in the books with sharp teeth that would not let go.It seemed to him, by the end of the week, that he had lived centuries, so far behind were the old life and outlook. But he was baffled by lack of preparation. He attempted to read books that required years of preliminary specialization. One day he would read a book of antiquated philosophy, and the next day one that was ultra-modern, so that his head would be whirling with the conflict and contradiction of ideas. It was the same with the economists. On the one shelf at the library he found Karl Marx, Ricardo, Adam Smith, and Mill and the abstruse formulas of the one gave no clew that the ideas of another were obsolete. He was bewildered, and yet he wanted to know. He had become interested, in a day, in economics, industry, and politics. Passing through the City Hall Park, he had noticed a group of men, in the center of which were half a dozen, with flushed faces and raised voices, earnestly carrying on a discussion. He joined the listeners, and heard a new, alien tongue in the mouths of the philosophers of the people. One was a tramp, another was labor agitator, a third was a law-school student, and the remainder was composed of wordy workingmen. For the first time he heard of socialism, anarchism, and single tax, and learned that there were warring social philosophies. He heard hundreds of technical words that were new to him, belonging to fields of thought that his meagre reading had never touched upon. Because of this he could not follow the arguments closely, and he could only guess at and surmise (推测) the ideas wrapped up in such strange expressions, Then there was a black-eyed restaurant waiter who was a theosophist, a union baker who was an agnostic, an old man who baffled all of them with the strange philosophy that what is right, and another old man who discoursed interminably about the cosmos and the father-atom and the mother-atom.Martin Eden’s head was in a state of addlement when he went away after several hours, and he hurried to the library to look up the definitions of a dozen unusual words. And when he left the library, he carried under his arm four volumes: Madam Blavatsky’s “Secret Doctrine” “Progress and Poverty,” “The Quintessence of Socialism,” and “Warfare of Religion and Science.” Unfortunately, he began on the “Secret Doctrine.” Every line bristled with many-syllabled words he did not understand. He sat up in bed, and the dictionary was in front of him more often than the book. He looked up so many new words that when they recurred, he had forgotten their meaning and had to look them up again. He devised the plan of writing the definitions in a note-book, and filled page after page with them. And still he could not understand. He read until three in the morning, and his brain was in a turmoil, but not one essential thought in the text had he grasped. He looked up, and it seemed that the room was lifting, heeling, and plunging like a ship upon the sea. Then he hurled the “Secret Doctrine” and many curses across the room, turned off the gas, and composed himself to sleep. Nor did he have much better luck with the other three books. It was not that his brain was weak or incapable; it could think these thoughts were it not for lack of training in thinking and lack of the thought-tools with which to think. He guessed this, and for a while entertained the idea of reading nothing but the dictionary until he had mastered every word in it.1. What rhetoric device was used in the sentence “It had lain fallow...for the sowing.”?2. Why did Martin Eden begin to read heavily?3. The second paragraph is meant to show that .4. The word addlement in the last paragraph means .5. Martin Eden could not understand the books for the following reasons EXCEPT __.

Scientists already knew that bilingual young adults and children perform better on tasks dictated by the brain’s executive control system. Located at the front of the brain, this system is “the basis for your ability to think in complex ways, control attention, and do everything we think of as uniquely human thought,” said Ellen Bialystok, a psychologist at York University in Toronto, Canada.Now studies are revealing that advantages of bilingualism persist into old age, even as the brain’s sharpness naturally declines, Bialystok said Friday at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D. C. Bialystok and colleagues examined 102 longtime bilingual and 109 monolingual Alzheimer’s patients who had the same level of mental acuity. About 24 million people have dementia worldwide, with the majority of them suffering from Alzheimer’s, according to Sweden’s Karolinska Institute, a medical university.The bilingual patients had been diagnosed with the Alzheimer’s about four years later than the monolingual patients, on average, according to Bialystok’s most recent study, published in November in the journal Neurology.This suggests bilingualism is “protecting older adults, even as Alzheimer’s is beginning to affect cognitive function,” Bialystok said.Bialystok is also studying physical differences between bilingual and monolingual brains. In a new experiment, she used CT scans to examine brains of monolinguals and bilinguals with dementia. All the subjects were the same age and functioned at the same cognitive level.“The physical effects of the disease in the brain were found to be more advanced in the bilingual’s brains, even though their mental ability was roughly the same,” Bialystok told National Geographic News. Apparently, the bilinguals’ brains are somehow compensating, she said. “Even though the ‘machine’ is more broken, they can function at the same level as a monolingual with less disease,” she said.“Benefits of bilingualism can begin in uterus (子宫),” Janet Werker, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia, Canada, told the news briefing. For instance, Werker and colleagues’ recent studies show that babies exposed to two languages in uterus do not confuse their languages from birth.“The mental workout required to keep the languages separate may create an ‘enhanced perceptual vigilance (警觉)’ that has lifelong benefits,” Werker said. “What I’d like to suggest is the kind of advantages you’ve heard about in aging can be established from those first days of life in babies having to keep the two languages apart.”Granted, people born into bilingualism have it a bit easier. “One of the things babies have is the luxury of time—they got the opportunity to really focus on task at hand,” Werker said. “If we want to learn a second language, we need to set time aside to allow that to happen’’—and evidence suggests the payoff is worth it.Even if you don’t learn a second language until after middle age, it can still help stave off dementia, York’s Bialystok said. Being “bilingual is one way to keep your brain active—it’s part of the cognitive-reserve approach to brain fitness, Bialystok said. And when it comes to exercising the brain by learning another language, she added, “the more the better—and every little bit helps.”1. Bilingualism helps older adults to .2. Which of the following is NOT true?3. What did Bialystok find out about bilingual and monolingual brains?4. The word dementia in Paragraph Two means .5. What is the best title for the passage?

改革前，中国可以被描述为一个普遍贫穷的社会。在1978年底，中国开始经济改革，引入农村家庭联产承包责任制。在这种制度下，集体耕地按家庭规模和劳动力分配到户。国家采购和集体保留以外的粮食收成留给家庭。这一改革，加上随后几年粮食采购价格的上涨，有助于提高农业生产率和提高农村收入。因此，中国的整体收入不平等在这一时期内得以下降。这种下降反过来又有助于加强经济增长对减贫的影响。到20世纪80年代中后期，农村收入的上升导致了对工业品的需求，刺激了非农产业的发展。与此同时，农村家庭联产承包责任制的冲击已经趋于平缓，改革重心转移到城市地区。更重要的是，从上世纪80年代中期开始的有利于东部地区的开放政策，使沿海地区增长得更快。这些因素造成了日益加大的地区不平等和城乡差距。在个人层面上，巨大的社会经济变革，特别是私有化，为一些人创造了致富的机会，而另一些人却落在后面。因此，各种维度的收入不平等均迅速上升。

The demand for foreign currency in the current account is determined by the factors that drive the demand for real goods and services. The demand for real imports is influenced principally by the domestic price of any foreign good or service, the presence of any tariffs or subsidies, the price of domestic substitutes and/or complements, the level of domestic income, and tastes and preferences. The domestic price of the foreign good or service is of course the product of the price expressed in foreign current times the appropriate exchange rate. Since the demand for foreign currency by the home country is simply the supply of home currency to the foreign country, if one knows the demand for foreign exchange in each of two countries, the supply of foreign exchange to each country is also known.

Applying general equilibrium analysis to policy requires a basic understanding of general equilibrium theory. A general equilibrium model of an economy can be best understood as one in which there are markets for each of N commodities, and consistent optimization occurs as part of equilibrium. Consumers who maximize utility are subject to their budget constraints, leading to the demand-side specification. In equilibrium, market prices are such that the required equilibrium conditions hold. Demand equals supply for all commodities, and in the constant-returns-to-scale case zero-profit conditions are satisfied for each industry.A number of basic elements can be identified in general equilibrium models. In a pure exchange economy, consumers have endowments and demand functions (usually derived from utility maximization). In the two-consumer-two-good case, this leads to the well-known Edgeworth Box analysis of general equilibrium of exchange. In the case of an economy with production, endowments and demands are once again specified, but production sets also need to be incorporated into the analysis.

I once knew a dog named Newton who had a unique (1) of humor. Whenever I tossed out a Frisbee for him to chase, he’d take off in hot pursuit but then seem to lose track of (2). Moving back and (3) only a yard or two from the toy, Newton would look all around, even up into the trees. He seemed genuinely puzzled. Finally, I’d give up and head into the field to help him (4). But (5) sooner would I get within 10 feet of him than he would run invariably straight over to the Frisbee, grab it and start running like mad, looking over his shoulder with what looked suspiciously like a grin. Just about every pet owner has a story like this and is eager to share it with anyone who will listen. On very short notice, TIME reporters came up (6) 25 stories about what each is convinced is the smartest pet in the world. Among them: the cat who closes the door behind him when he goes into the bathroom; the cat who uses a toilet (7) of a little box and flushes it afterward; the dog who goes wild when he sees his owner putting on blue jeans instead of a dress because jeans mean it is time to play; and the cat who used to wait patiently at the bus stop every day for a little girl, then walk her the six blocks home. And so on.These behaviors are certainly clever, but what do they mean? Was Newton really deceiving? Can a cat really desire privacy in the toilet? In short, (8) household pets really have mental and emotional life? Their owners think so, but until recently, animal behavior experts would have gone mad on hearing such a question. The worst sin in their moral vocabulary was anthropomorphism, projecting human traits onto animals. A dog or a cat might behave as if it (9) angry, lonely, sad, happy or confused, but that was only in the eye of the viewers. What was going on, they insisted, was that the dog or cat had been conditioned, through a perhaps unintentional series of (10) and rewards, to behave in a certain way. The behavior was a mechanical result of the training.

Care is life, but in our society we have diminished and undermined it. We have radically overhauled competition, independence, self-reliance, and aggression, making of them the organizing principles around which we construct our politics and policies, our ethics, and even many of our personal relationships.But no society, no individual, can function without care. That is why in so many respects our lives no longer seem to work; why so many are so unfulfilled at work and at home, and why we complain that the people on whom we depend for gentleness and generosity, empathy and concern, no longer seem to have the time or energy to care. The social devaluation of care threatens to corrupt and compromise all who need it and all who give it.There is a window on our disorder in the movie Wall Street. It comes in a scene in which Charlie Sheen, the poor boy who made good as the young protege of Michael Douglas, and Daryl Hannah, the woman who is determined never to be a loser, engaged in frantic acquisition to decorate his newly purchased Manhattan apartment. They fill it with extravagantly expensive modern art, furnishings, and the most up-to-date culinary gadgets. The only thing they lack is the time to enjoy the things they’ve worked so hard to acquire. They have a life-style but no life.Too many of us have been reduced to a version of this emotional deprivation in the midst of apparent material plenty. We have children other people care for, friends we have no time to socialize with, and spouses about whom we complain but with whom we have no time to struggle to create more fulfilling relationships. We have also—perhaps unwittingly and surely unwisely—abdicated our moral responsibilities as citizens. Too many of us don’t even bother to vote these days, and too often those who do bother vote against—not for—those political candidates who would support an agenda on which caregiving occupied a central place. Many citizens’ main concern is to pay less in taxes rather than to create a politics that will support the kind of caring culture that will nourish us all.1. The author of the passage suggests that, so far as such concepts as competition, independence, aggression, and self-reliance are concerned, our society should .2. The third paragraph’s purpose is to illustrate the difference between .3. Which of the following ideas, while not directly stated, can still reasonably be inferred from the passage?4. As it is used in the line: “We have also—perhaps unwittingly and surely unwisely—abdicated our moral responsibilities as citizens”, the word abdicated most nearly means .5. It is clear from the author’s attitude, as to what has happened to care in our society, that she feels people in our society should .

It’s a simple question: why are some parts of the world rich while other parts are poor? It isn’t brains. No place is dumber than Hollywood, yet its residents are wading in gravy. Meanwhile in Russia, where chess is a spectator sport, they’re boiling stone for soup.Natural resources aren’t the secret either. Impoverished Africa has gold, uranium, oil. Affluent Holland has none of those, and half the place is underwater besides.Actually we know the answer—and if people would just open their eyes to it, the whole world could be rich. The benighted masses of India would quit pedaling their rickshaws through the streets of Calcutta.All this would be possible because of a simple lesson of history: free markets. The tremendous improvement in the standard of living in countries with individual liberty proves this.The free market throughout the world means that people have an innate right to the fruits of their labor and the right to dispose of this fruit the way they see fit, as long as other people don’t get pasted in the face with a rotten peach or something.There are people who don’t believe this. Some steal. Some think it’s OK to take things from other people if they live more than a peach toss away or speak another language or have a different religion or look funny. And the kings, emperors and so forth who ruled mankind during most of history were under the impression that everything on earth rightfully belonged to them.But the most common reason given for not believing in the free market is that it is “unfair.” Some economic levellers think that to close the poverty gap, all we have to do is take money away from people who have too much and give it to people who don’t have enough.Wrong. There’s no fixed amount of wealth in the world that just needs to be divided fairly. If you have more money, it doesn’t mean that I have less. Wealth is something we create. When you have too few slices of pizza, you don’t have to eat the box. You need to bake another pizza.If we want the whole world to be wealthy, we need to recognize that the problem is poverty, not the difference between poverty and plenty. Poverty is hard, wretched and humiliating. Poverty is school-girl prostitutes trying to feed their parents. Poverty is African children dying for lack of medicines that cost a pittance.Poverty is not sad. Poverty is infuriating. These things don’t have to happen. World leaders should know by now how to get rid of poverty, and how to create wealth. They have to institute free-market reforms and abide by the rule of law. But because of laziness, complacency, love of power or misguiding idealism, they refuse to do it.So if wealth is not a worldwide round Robin of purse—snatching, and if the thing that makes you rich doesn’t make me poor, why should we really care about fairness at all?Fairness is a good thing in marriage and at the day-care center. But as a foundation for a political system, it has drawbacks.1. The author thinks it’s wrong to take the money away from the rich to the poor, because .2. From the context, we can infer “if they live more than a peach toss away” in the 6th paragraph probably means .3. By “free markets”, the author means .4. The most suitable title of this passage might be .5. From the viewpoint of the author, poverty can be cured by __.

It is amazing how many people still say, ‘I never dream’, for it is now decades since it was established that everyone has over a thousand dreams a year, however few of these nocturnal productions are remembered on waking. Even the most confirmed “non-dreamers” will remember dreams if woken up systematically during the rapid eye movement (REM) periods. These are periods of light sleep during which the eyeballs move rapidly back and forth under the closed lids and the brain becomes highly activated, which happens three or four times every night of normal sleep.It is a very interesting question why some people remember dreams regularly while others remember hardly any at all under normal conditions. In considering this, it is important to bear in mind that the dream tends to be an elusive phenomenon for all of us. We normally never recall a dream unless we awaken directly from it, and even then it has a tendency to fade quickly into oblivion.Given this general elusiveness of dreams, the basic factor that seems to determine whether a person remembers them or not is the same as that which determines all other memory, namely degree of interest. Dream researchers have made a broad classification of people into “recallers”—those who remember at least one dream a month—and “non-recallers”, who remember fewer than this. Tests have shown that cool, analytical people with a very rational approach to their feelings tend to recall fewer dreams than those whose attitude to life is open and flexible. It is not surprising to discover that in Western society, women normally recall more dreams than men, since women are traditionally allowed an instinctive, feeling approach to life.In modern urban-industrial culture, feeling and dreams tend to be treated as trivialities which must be firmly subordinated to the realities of life. We pay lip-service to the inner life of imagination as it expresses itself in the arts, but in practice relegate music, poetry, drama and painting to the level of spare time activities, valued mainly for the extent to which they refresh us for a return to work. We discourage our children from paying much attention to anything that might detract from the serious business of studying for exams or making a living in the “real” world of industry and commerce.1. Many people are unaware that they dream because .2. During REM periods, people .3. People who remember their dreams do so because they .4. Those who recall their dreams tend to be .5. The writer believes that in Western society dreams are considered to be __.

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