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What do you think of Tom’s proposal that ______ put on the play at tonight’s ceremony?

______ the financial means to remain independent, Thomas Edison was compelled to seek employment as a night telegraph operator.

The teacher said that he wouldn’t tolerate ______ late every day.

Sometimes ______ to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.

Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ______ in a short period of time.

______ that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.

We held a meeting to sum up our experience ______ we finish the work.

______ I have already mentioned, cardio surgery is one of the amazing new surgical techniques that have been developed in recent years.

Directions: In recent years, having safe food on our dining table has been the concern of the public as well as the government. According to a law amendment enacted in May, 2011, criminals convicted of food safety crimes that cause death will be put behind bars for at least 10 years. Life sentence and the death penalty could be also handed down. In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled “My Views on Food Safety” in no less than 180 words. Please write your composition on your ANSWER SHEET.

41.人类社会中的战争大体源于两方面的缺乏。第一是资源的缺乏：争夺对国家安全和经济发展至关重要的稀缺战略资源往往是一国发动战争的重要动因。第二是信任的缺乏：这种缺乏常常导致国家在宗教、文化、意识形态等方面的持续对抗，并由此引发军事冲突。42.一方面，投资的滞后牵制了经济的增长，而另一方面，持续的消费热在一定程度上缓解了经济的衰退。43.大学里学到的知识还相当粗浅，研究生阶段才开始研究学问，但在这个时期也只能算是初涉学术，更加注重的应是领悟研究的方法。

The price we pay for this salutary change is, no doubt, great. We assemble thousands of operative in the factory, and in the mine, of whom the employer can know little or nothing, and to whom he is little better than a myth. All intercourse between is at an end. Rigid castes are formed, and, as usual, mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust. Each caste is without sympathy with the other, and ready to credit anything disparaging in regard to it. 36. Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently, and often there is friction between the employer and the employed, between capital and labor, between rich and poor. Human society loses homogeneity.37. The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great, but the advantages of this law are greater still than its cost, for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. But whether the law be benign or not, we must say of it, as we say of the change in the conditions of men to which we have referred.It is here; we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we cannot be sure; 38. And while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. 39. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment, the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race. Having accepted these, it follows that there must be great scope for the expertise of special ability in the merchant and in the manufacturer, who has to conduct affairs upon great scale. 40. That this talent for organization and management is rare among men is proved by the fact that it invariably secures enormous regards for its possessors, no matter where or under what laws or conditions.

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their trouble in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives”. Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by managers.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McGreevy, a European commissioner, warmed the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.31. Bankers complained that they were forced to .32. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .33. According to Paragraph 4, McGreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .34. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .35. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is the one of .

The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan (清教徒) tradition in American intellectual life.To make this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church — important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who immigrated in the late 1630s: left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope — all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall by my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churches.Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.”26. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England .27. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders .28. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay .29. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often .30. The text suggests that early settlers in New England .

If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodation, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .25. The best title for the text may be .

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And the divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we have ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet is not the only way to defeat poverty. And the internet is not the only tool we have; but it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished counties will have to get over their outdated and anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structure foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it did not have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports, and so on—were built with foreign investment. The English, The Germans, The Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you are going to be. That does not mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures need to take full advantage of the Internet.17. Digital divide is something .18. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it .19. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .20. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .

Not only ______ much bigger than any planet, but unlike the planets, it consists completely of gaseous material.

She says more than one ______ dismissed from this company.

______ any previous experience, John doesn’t stand a chance of getting that job.

Recorded ______ of today’s big football game will be shown after news.

Since neither side was ready to ______ what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in 1980.

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