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Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets ______within the next 50 years.

The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning ______ or individual states should have more power.

Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum ______ properly extracted.

Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, ______ contributes significantly to the state’s economy.

We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden ______.

Another food crop raised by Indians ______ strange to the European was called Indian corn.

The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree ______ the students’ potentiality is developed.

Directions: 25 years ago Mr. Wilson, a distinguished sociologist, famously argued that the postwar movement of employment out of city centers to the suburbs dealt African-American families, concentrated in those city centers, a heavy blow, removing economic opportunity. For example, in Atlanta poor and rich neighborhoods are far apart because, basically, everything is far apart; Atlanta is the Sultan of Sprawl（扩张的苏丹王）, even more spread out than other major Sun Belt cities. This world makes an effective public transportation system nearly impossible even if politicians were willing to pay for it. As a result, disadvantaged workers often find themselves stranded; there may be jobs available somewhere, but they literally can’t get there. Please write an essay with no less than 180 words to discuss “The Impact of City Sprawl on Job Market”. Please write your composition on the Answer Sheet.

如果遇到的竞争对手是受到各自政府过度保护的企业，强大的美国企业通常都能迅速地把它们压制住。事实已经证明，利伯维尔场体制比任何中央计划体制都能更有效地分配资金和资源，美国人也已经利用了这一点。因为美国在基础层次上有这样的优势，它处于国际财经界的最高层也就不足为奇了。美国具有这样的优势进而使它能够制定游戏规则，当然是对它自己有利的规则。

“Bah! Humbug”, was Scrooge’s opinion of charitable giving and even today some economists reckon charity goes against economic rationality. 36. It is often alleged that altruism is inconsistent with economic rationality, which assumes that people behave selfishly. Certainly, much economic analysis is concerned with how individuals behave, and homo economicus (economic man) is usually assumed to act in his or her self-interest.37. Some economic models assume that self-interested individuals behave altruistically because they get some benefit, or utility, from doing so. For instance, it may make them feel better about themselves, or be a useful insurance policy against social unrest. Other economic models relax the traditional assumption of fully rational behavior by simply assuming that people sometimes behave altruistically, even if this may be against their self-interest. The Peace Corps is an example, for people often give up potentially lucrative starts to their careers or interrupt them to do good work overseas. People who work for the Peace Corps do so because they want to and to keep the Peace Corps dynamic with fresh ideas. 38. Sociologists would argue that there is a natural inclination of human beings to engage themselves in helping others, as a natural instinct to preserve the species. Thus public duty is a survival act.The question then is raised regarding political participation, whether it can be classified as an act of economic rationality or of altruism. 39. Public duty may not necessarily mean duty, although it may include that constant and active practical participation in the details of politics without which, upon the part of the most intelligent citizens, the conduct of public affairs falls under the control of selfish and ignorant or crafty and venal men. Politics often requires service in committees, care and trouble and expense of many kinds, patient endurance of rebuffs, chagrins, ridicules, disappointments, and defeats. 40. All these duties and services, when selfishly and meanly performed, stigmatize a man as a mere politician, but when performed with honesty and vigilance, they become gradual building blocks, stone by stone and layer by layer, of a nation of self-restrained liberty.

Most students arrive at college using “discrete, concrete and absolute categories to understand people, knowledge, and values.” These students live with a dualistic view, seeing “the world in polar terms of we-right-good vs. other-wrong-bad.” These students cannot acknowledge the existence of more than one point of view toward any issue. There is one “right” way. And because these absolutes are assumed by or imposed on the individual from external authority, they cannot be personally substantiated or authenticated by experience. These students are slaves to the generalizations of their authorities. An eye for an eye! Capital punishment is apt justice for murder. The Bible says so.Most students break through the dualistic stage to another equally frustrating stage—multiplicity. Within this stage, students see a variety of ways to deal with any given topic or problem. However, while these students accept multiple points of view, they are unable to evaluate or justify them. To have an opinion is everyone’s right. While students in the dualistic stage are unable to produce evidence to support what they consider to be self-evident absolutes, students in the multiplistic stage are unable to connect instances into coherent generalizations. Every assertion, every point, is valid. In their democracy they are directionless. Capital punishment? What sense is there in answering one murder with another?The third stage of development finds students living in a world of relativism. Knowledge is relative: right and wrong depend on the context. No longer recognizing the validity of each individual idea or action, relativists examine everything to find its place in an overall framework. While the multiplist views the world as unconnected, almost random, the relativist seeks always to place phenomena into coherent larger patterns. Students in this stage view the world analytically. They appreciate authority for its expertise, using it to defend their own generalizations. In addition, they accept or reject ostensible authority after systematically evaluating its validity. In this stage, however, students resist decision making. Suffering the ambivalence of finding several consistent and acceptable alternatives, they are almost overwhelmed by diversity and need means for managing it. Capital punishment is appropriate justice—in some instances.In the final stage students manage diversity through individual commitment. Students do not deny relativism. Rather they assert an identity by forming commitments and assuming responsibility for them. They gather personal experience into a coherent framework, abstract principles to guide their actions, and use these principles to discipline and govern their thoughts and actions. The individual has chosen to join a particular community and agrees to live by its tenets. The accused has had the benefit of due process to guard his civil rights, a jury of peers has found him guilty, and the state has the right to end his life. This is a principle my community and I endorse.31. Students who are “dualistic” thinkers may not be able to support their beliefs convincingly because .32. Which one of the following assertions is supported by the passage?33. In paragraph two, the author states that in their “democracy” students in the multiplicity stage are directionless. The writer describes multiplicity students as being in a “democracy” because .34. Which one of the following kinds of thinking is NOT described in the passage?35. Which one of the following best describes the organization of the message?

Rao’s, the legendary east Harlem Italian eatery, is more than a hundred blocks above the Wall Street. But with a clientele that includes some of the corporate America’s leading lights, big business is never far away. Consider the table hosted one night last year by Rao’s regular, Richard (Bo) Dietl—he was joined by General Electric’s CEO, Jeffrey Immelt, NBC chairman Bob Wright and Law & Order creator Dick Wolf. Wolf was just entering negotiations for a new contract for Law & Order to keep running on GE-owned NBC. No one signed any contracts or haggled over figures that night. But not long after, NBC announced it would broadcast Law & Order through 2008. Wolf says now that Dietl’s dinner at Rao’s was key to smoothing out the negotiations: “It was enormously helpful for him to get us all together in that setting.”With his just-published book, Business Lunchatations, Dietl hopes to launch himself as the authority on how everyone can sharpen his networking social skills.In his $7,000 Italian suits, Dietl tells tales of his adventures with the rich and famous; golfing with former GE chairman Jack Welch, fly-fishing with former PepsiCo chairman Roger Enrico, dining a deux with Viacom’s Sumner Redstone or comparing notes on private jets with his pal Donald Trump. Dietl says he’s earned these men’s trust by making it clear he wants nothing more than to show them a good time and share a good laugh. “You don’t do this thinking, oh, what business can I get out of them?” he says. “You do it for sheer friendship. And then the good things just come out.” Corporate bosses say they appreciate the sell. “Bo’s a guy you want to do a favor for,” says Welch, “because you know he’ll do a favor for you.”In his book, of course, Dietl urges readers to do more than just be nice to strangers and wait for good karma. Networking tips range from how to listen and ask questions in conversations with strangers—eye contact, upright posture and clarifying questions are musts—to practical pointers like “keep going back to the buffet”(to increase the number of contacts at a crowded event) and “wear an original accessory” (to ensure sticking out in a new acquaintance’s mind). Still, Dietl says the most commonly missed secret of networking is starting with the human touch. “If there’s going to be business, possibly there could be business,” he says. “But it’s gotta start out from the friendship side.”26. Wolf has come to believe that the reason Law & Order was extended to 2008 was .27. By referring to Dietl’s book, the author intends to show .28. It is implied that you can improve your networking skills by .29. Dietl concludes that the most important thing to do is to .30. The best title for this text might be .

On Jan.17, 1995, Kobe was hit by a 6.9-magnitude quake. The Great Hanshin Earthquake killed 6,400 people. Damage was estimated at more than $100 billion, similar to current estimates of the toll of last week’s 9.0-magnitude temblor in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. Yet, within 18 months, economic activity in Kobe had reached 98 percent of its pre-quake level. A state-of-the-art offshore port facility was built, housing was modernized—and a scruffy port city became an international showpiece.The March 11 earthquake and tsunami devastated a society that, for all its wealth, was stuck in a rut. Over the past two decades, Japan’s economic growth averaged an anemic 1 percent a year. Politically, the country was rudderless. The Liberal Democratic Party, which had governed almost continuously since the end of the U.S. military occupation following the World War II, had finally worn out its welcome. And the novice Democratic Party of Japan, which had assumed power in 2009, was flailing.For four decades after the war, Japan experienced cozy politics backed by a robust economy. Lightly populated rural district had a disproportionate effect on national politics. The government financed multibillion-dollar bridges to nowhere, expensive port facilities for small fishing village and bullet trains to traverse bucolic rural areas—and seemingly lined every riverbed in Japan in concrete.But in 1900, the bubble burst. The working-age share of the population began to fall. In 1998, the labor force started to shrink, and a decade later, the country’s population began to decline. Eventually, voters concerned about the mounting costs of wasteful projects tossed out the LDP.Before the earthquake and tsunami devastated the Tohoku region on March 11, the country was already facing a slowing economy, fiscal strain and deflation, and decades of wasteful spending had saddled the country with a debt more than twice the size of the economy. Now, beyond the tragedy’s human toll, the economic costs are still being counted—and could be vastly expanded if the nuclear reactor damage is closer to that of Chernobyl than to Three Mile Island. But if rebuilding is handled skillfully, there is hope that a different kind of Japan will emerge.Despite its weak starting point, the government holds a few cards. Ninety-five percent of Japan’s debt is owned by its citizens, no foreign hedge funds; it’s unlikely that those citizens would dump their bond holdings if the government takes on more debt to rebuild the city of Sendai, for example. Financially, the government has more maneuvering room than might seem apparent.Some rebuilding can be financed by redirecting spending from useless white-elephant projects to the higher priority of remaking Tohoku. The quality of public investment in the nation could improve, perhaps permanently, as a result of this crisis.What is really at stake—and what will determine whether these other changes have any chance of coming to pass—is the structure of Japan politics. If the incumbent DPJ successfully manages this emergency, the episode could reassure Japanese voters that this fledgling party represents a credible alternative to the LDP. Japan would then have a true two-party system in which political power and ideas are genuinely contested. The Great Tohoku Earthquake could be the shock that pushes Japan not only to rebuild a city, but to remake itself politically for the 21st century.21. The author wrote the first paragraph in an attempt to .22. According to the text, the author suggests that Democratic Party of Japan .23. Except the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, the hindrances that Japan’s economic growth confronts EXCLUDE .24. On which of the following statement would the author most probably agree?25. Which of the following is the most proper title of the text?

One day in 2008 an anonymous Twitter user posted a message: “I am certainly not bored, way busy! feel great!” That is all well and good, one might think, but utterly uninteresting to anyone besides the author and, perhaps, a few friends. Not so, according to John Bollen, of Indiana University Bloomington, who collected the tweet, along with plenty of others sent that day. All were rated for emotional content. Many proved similarly chirpy, scoring high on confidence, energy and happiness. Indeed, Dr. Bollen reckons, on the day the tweet was posted, America’s collective mood perked up a notch. When he and his team examined all the data for the autumn and winter of 2008, they found that Twitter users’ collective mood swings coincided with national events. Happiness shot up around Thanksgiving, for example.The idea of tapping web-based data to build a real-time measure of users’ emotions and preference is not new. Nor is that of using the results to predict their behavior. Interest in internet forecasting was sparked by a paper published in 2009 by Hal Varian, Google’s chief economist. He found that the peaks and troughs in the volume of Google searches for certain products, such as cars and holidays, preceded fluctuations in sales of those products. Other researchers have shown that searches for job-related terms are a good predictor of unemployment rates and that mentions of political candidates on Twitter correlate with electoral outcomes.Dr. Bollen spotted another curious correlation. When he compared trends in the national mood with movements of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) he noticed that changes in one of the mood measure’s seven components, anxiety, predicted swings in the share-price index. Spikes in anxiety levels were followed, around three days later, by dips in the price of shares. Why his happens remains unclear, but one possible explanation is that the falling prices were caused by traders’ tendency to exit risky positions when feeling strung up.Dr. Bollen’s algorithm, which he described in a paper published in February in the Journal of Computational Science, has been licensed to Derwent Capital Markets, a hedge fund based in London. Derwent will use it to help guide the investments made with a £25m ($41m) fund that the firm hopes to launch in the next few months. Other funds are rumoured to be using similar tricks already.All such initiatives face a problem, though. Humans excel at extracting meaning and sentiment from even the tiniest snippets of text, a task that stumps machines. To a computer, a tweet that reads “Feeling joyful after my trip to the dentist. Yeah, really” says that the author has been to the dentist and is now happy. Researchers have recently made strides in teaching machines to recognize such sarcasm, as well as double meanings of cultural references.16. We can infer from Paragraph 1 that .17. By mentioning Hal Varian, the author intends to state that .18. Share-price goes down probably because of .19. The underlined word “stump” refers to .20. What does the quoted content of the last paragraph means?

Efforts should be made to cultivate a business and legal environment _____ fair competition between national industries and foreign-funded enterprises.

Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _____ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.

During the course of its growth, a frog undergoes a true metamorphosis ______ with a fishlike larval stage.

He came all the way to help her ______ that she had drowned herself in a well.

The student continued to do mischief in class even though his teacher repeatedly told him ______.

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