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Iran’s morality police are ______ on the sale of Barbie dolls to protect the public from what they see as pernicious western culture eroding Islamic values.

Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subway carriages, passengers can barely breathe, ______ move about freely.

______ any one should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.

The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the ______ by various means.

Directions: Write a composition of no less than 250 words based on the information provided below on your ANSWER SHEET:The one-child policy has been abandoned following the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. All couples will be permitted to give birth to a second child for the first time since 1980. The across-the-board relaxation of the family planning policy has triggered a public uproar.Yet, as the intention of the two-child policy is to tackle the aging problem, it remains unknown whether the two-child policy will stir people’s enthusiasm and willingness to have more children.What’s your view on the benefits and/or concerns for couples in China who may or may not be willing to have the second child?

Section B Chinese to English (20 points)Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.（40）土壤和土地资源支撑着全球可持续发展，它们还是我们与穷困、食品不安全和气候变化作斗争的关键元素。与其他自然资源复杂地交织在一起，土壤是水、能源和食品安全链条中（nexus）不可分割的组成部分。由于风沙和水的侵蚀，世界每年失去约240亿吨肥沃的土壤。（41）土壤和土地的恶化（degradation）不仅是一个物理或生物化学问题，而且常常与社会经济各方面相联系。贫穷和被边缘化的人口通常最容易受土壤和土地恶化的影响，因为通常是他们拥有这些恶化的土地。（42）为了使贫困的小规模农业耕种社区达到食品安全要求，并且根除（eradicate）极端贫困，我们需要处理与土地恶化相关的一系列复杂问题。土壤和土地恶化既是技术问题，也是管理（governance）问题。

Section A English to Chinese (20 points)Translate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.Economists don’t forecast because they know, they forecast because they’re asked. (36) A question that is increasingly put to them is whether inflation, which has been remarkably quiescent for years, will spring a surprise in 2016. After all, the debt troubles that have weighed down rich economies since 2007 are fading; labor markets in America, Britain and Germany are increasingly tight; housing markets are gathering steam; and the Federal Reserve has just raised interest rates for the first time in almost a decade.Inflation in America and Europe should indeed pick up from its present, near-zero state as the big declines in energy prices at the turn of 2015 drop out of the headline rate. But a glut in the supply of crude means that oil prices are falling again. (37) If debt is receding as a problem in rich countries, it looms larger in emerging markets, where overcapacity brought on by binge（放纵、沉溺）borrowing exerts a downward force on prices. There is inflation in commodity-exporting countries, such as Brazil, whose currencies have been trashed. But global inflation is a tug-of war between bottlenecks in parts of the rich world and imported deflation from emerging markets, and the enduring fall or stagnation of prices looks set to dominate for a while yet.Start with Saudi Arabia. The falling price of crude is in part a consequence of its commitment (reiterated by OPEC ministers on December 4th) to produce at full tilt. The idea is to flush out the weaker producers in America’s shale-oil industry and elsewhere. (38) This is proving a costly gambit. Saudi Arabia needs a barrel of oil to fetch around $85 to finance public spending and around $60 to keep its current account in balance. Yet the oil price recently fell below $36, to an 11-year low, before rebounding a little. America has sustained oil production of above 9m barrels a day, despite a sharp fall in the number of oil rigs, suggesting that shale firms are becoming more efficient.One outcome from continued low-flation will be increasingly lopsided economies in the rich world, particularly in America, where recovery is more advanced than in Europe. (39) If productivity stays as weak as it has been recently, unemployment is likely to fall still further. At the same time, slow growth in emerging markets is likely to keep downward pressure on commodity prices and on their currencies. A strong dollar has already driven a wedge between the performance of America’s manufacturing and service industries. Further appreciation would make it harder for the Federal Reserve to push through more increases in interest rates.

At every stage of early development, human babies lag behind infants from other species. A kitten can amble across a room within moments of birth and catch its first mouse within weeks, while its wide-eyed human counterpart takes months to make her first step, and years to learn even simple tasks, such as how to tie a shoelace or skip a rope, let alone prepare a three-course meal. Yet, in the cognitive race, human babies turn out to be much like the tortoise in Aesop’s fable: emerging triumphant after a slow and steady climb to the finish. As adults, we drive fancy sports cars, leap nimbly across football fields and ballet stages, write lengthy dissertations on every conceivable subject, and launch rockets into space. We have a mastery over ourselves and our environments that is peculiar to our species.Yet, this victory seems puzzling. In the fable, the tortoise wins the race because the hare takes a nap. But, if anything, human infants nap even more than kittens! And unlike the noble tortoise, babies are helpless, and more to the point, hopeless. They could not learn the basic skills necessary to their independent survival even if they tried. How do human babies mange to turn things around in the end?In a recent article in Current Directions in Psychological Science, Sharon Thompson-Schill, Michael Ramscar and Evangelia Chrysikou make the case that this very helplessness is what allows human babies to advance far beyond other animals. They propose that our delayed cortical development is precisely what enables us to acquire the cultural building blocks, such as language, that make up the foundations of human achievement. Indeed, the trio makes clear that our early vulnerability is an evolutionary “engineering trade-off”, much like the human larynx—which, while it facilitates the intricate productions of human speech, is actually quite a precarious adaptation for anyone trying to swallow safely. In the same way, they suggest, our ability to learn language comes at the price of an extended period of cognitive immaturity.This claim hinges on a peculiar and unique feature of our cognitive architecture: the stunningly slow development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). While other animals’ brain regions development in synchrony, in humans, the development of the PFC lags far behind that of other areas. The PFC is the swath of gray matter that makes up the anterior frontal lobes, and functionally, it appears to be heavily implicated in a wide-range of sophisticated planning and attention driven behaviors. Indeed, it is often referred to as the “control” center of the brain. One of its main functions appears to be that of selectively filtering information from the senses, allowing us to attend to specific actions, goals, or tasks. For this reason, “cognitive control” tasks are thought to be one of the best assessors of PFC function and maturity, and they are tests that young children reliably, and ignominiously, fail.The Stroop task serves as a simple assessor of PFC function in adults. The task involves naming the ink color of a contrasting color word: for example, you might see the word “red” written in green ink, in which case you have to say “green”. The task (saying “red” in response to seeing the word red) with a new response specific to the task (naming the conflicting ink color). Tricky or not, healthy adults can successfully compete the task with only minor hesitation.Children, with their immature PFC’s, are a different story. Typically, the younger children are, the worse they are at solving Stroop—like tasks, and under the age of four, they outright fail them. While young children are sensitive, apt learners, and often appear to fully understand what is being asked of them, they are unable to mediate the conflicting demands present in these sorts of tasks, and thus fail them, time and time again. Three-year olds simply cannot direct how they attend to or respond to the world.31. Why does the author compare human babies to the tortoise in Aesop’s fable?32. Why are human babies “helpless” according to the text?33. What is the purpose of mentioning human larynx in Paragraph 3?34. What is the function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?35. Which of the following is NOT true about the “Stroop task”？

What makes a great communicator? A willingness to share that driving sense of mission and a burning faith that others will embrace, too.As an entrepreneur, you have an extraordinary story to tell. But whether you’re pitching or promoting a service, product, company, or cause, how you craft and deliver your message could mean the difference between making the sale or being shown the door. Some people are simply better than others at articulating their message.Raising the barMy work takes me across the country and exposes me to spokespeople in a variety of industries. But the goals are always the same: To articulate a message that meets the demands of contemporary audiences, who want their speakers to be passionate, inspiring, brief, captivating, and clear.As the majority of us are accustomed to PowerPoint shows, 24-hour cable news, and MTV-style videos, our perception of great corporate speakers has changed. The great spokespeople of our time have raised the bar on what it means to be a business communicator—and you’re being compared to them.When CNBC interviews Apple CEO Steve Jobs, you’re being compared to him. When C-SPAN brings British Prime Minister Tony Blair into our living rooms every week, you’re being compared to him. When Cisco CEO John Chambers delivers a dazzling PowerPoint show, you’re being compared to him. They’ve mastered 10 techniques that set them apart—techniques that I uncovered while researching my new book, “10 Simple Secrets of the World’s Greatest Business Communicators.”Pitching with oomphBut enough talk about “the secrets”. Let’s get started. Extraordinary entrepreneurs and business professional credit their communication skills for much of their success, and each is fueled by passionate commitment to their service, product, company, or cause. Passion separates the world’s top pitchmen from the vast majority of mediocre presenters. Without passion, you will fail to motivate, inspire, and electrify your audiences.Starbucks Chairman Howard Schultz didn’t build one of the most admired brands in the world because he blends the right mix of espresso, steamed milk, and foam. While interviewing Schultz for “10 Simple Secrets”, I quickly realized he doesn’t leave his passion at the office. While many of us like coffee even love it, Schultz is passionate about it. Really passionate.During a now-famous trip to Italy, on a piazza in Milan, Schultz’s life was forever changed. The Italians were passionate about their coffee, he excitedly told his wife. Schultz brought that passion back to America and transformed a small Seattle coffee-bean store into an American institution. His zeal convinced investors to buy into his concept of bringing Italian-style cafes to America—and without it, we never would have been introduced to mocha frappuccinos!Emotional rapportAt this point, some of you might be saying, “My passion is to get rich.” Fine. But I’m urging you to dig deeper. You see, I’ve personally met and interviewed several entrepreneurs who have joined the billionaires club. I’ve watched them address staff, customers, and investors. Not once did they ever discuss how much joy they get out of being wealthy. Instead, they build an emotional rapport with their listeners by sharing their connection to the topic—their passion—through personal stories, anecdotes, and examples.Now ask yourself, “What’s my connection to my message?” If you’re a financial planner, is it to help your customers avoid the painful debt you saw your parents fall into? It is for Suze Orman, who tapped into that passion to fuel her success as an author and television host. Of you sell networking hardware, is your passion fueled by the desire to change the way the world lives, works, plays, and learns? It is for Cisco Systems CEO John Chambers, whose passionate vision of the future has earned him a spot as one of the most admired chief executives in corporate America.If you manage a coffee shop or restaurant, is your passion to create a welcoming “third place” between home and work for your customers to enjoy? It is for Howard Schultz, whose passion has literally changed the daily habits of millions of people around the world. So whether you’re addressing and audience of 1 or 1,000, reveal your passion by identifying and sharing your personal connection to your company message. It will set you apart as a speaker.26. What’s the relationship between the last two paragraphs?27. The passage indicates that it is important to in business communication.28. This passage is meant to target the following groups of readers EXCEPT .29. What does the “third place” in the last paragraph refer to?30. By saying “Raising the bar” (Paragraph 3), the author means .

Once upon a time, the emblematic jazz singer was an African-American woman, serenading a smoke-filled room. Think Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald. Today, a talented crop of cosmopolitan young singers are creating a new breed of jazz vocalist: the globalized chanteuse. They come from multicultural backgrounds, live all over the world, and are infusing the traditional American sound with new energy. Take today’s rising star, 26-year-old Sophie Milman. Born in Russia, she fled with her family to Israel at the age of 7, then settled in Canada at 16. Now she sells out the Blue Note jazz club in Tokyo. Her roots and her reach are global. In looks and language, she couldn’t be further from the pioneers who came more than a half century before.Yet Milman and others like her are redefining jazz by drawing on the American songbook. In his book The Jazz Singers, Scott Yannow argues that among 21st-century jazz vocalists, only “a few manage to reinvest standards in new ways,” which is exactly what this new class is doing so well. Milman—who’s fluent in French, English, Russian, and Hebrew—sings Cole Porter’s “Love for Sale” in a clear, valiant alto that booms down low and reaches effortlessly up high. Elisabeth Kontomanou, who is Greek and Guinean, insists on knowing the African-American roots of the music she plays. “Jazz is innovation, but with all the culture and the understanding of what has already been done,” she says. “If you don’t look at that, you get a tasteless, odorless, and colorless music.” On her last CD, Brewin’ the Blues, she follows her own rules by revisiting less famous songs by jazz icons, such as Billie Holiday’s “Tell Me More and More (and Then Some).”Language has proved no barrier to these women, all sing in English. Virginie Teychene comes from the south of France but learned English with her father, who used to show American Marines the French way of life. “French doesn’t lend itself to jazz,” she says. “Words can often fall flat, as it is hard to sing in French on rhythm.” Teychene, who was named a “new revelation” at France’s Juan-les-Pins jazz festival last year, covers songs like “Take A Train” in her pure, low voice. Born and raised in Turin, the Italian chanteuse Roberta Gambarini recorded Swedish folk songs early in her career but has lately turned to the romantic era of American jazz. Her new record, “So in Love”, revolves around sweet renditions of tunes like “That Old Black Magic”—a song Sarah Vaughan made famous in the 40s. “The bulk of good songs that allow you to improvise happen to largely be part of the Great American Songbook,” she says.That’s not to say that these vocalists aren’t pushing boundaries. Esperanza Spalding, who was born to a Welsh-Hispanic-Native American mother and a black father and raised in the States, sings in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. When recording the 1930s standard “Body and Soul”, she renamed it “Cuerpoy Alma”, and pulled off a fiery Spanish rendition. “You always create something new even when you use vocabulary from the past.” she says.Ultimately, this return to the roots of jazz has to do with authenticity and accessibility. “I like when people come to see me at the end of a concert, surprised that this is actually jazz and that they can enjoy it without really knowing the culture,” says Teychene. Yet if asked where the winding road of fame starts, these singers give a traditional answer. “If you live deep in the heart of China and you want to be a jazz musician, you still have to go to New York or New Orleans and play jazz,” says Kontomanou. Then you move to another country and share it with the world.21. Which of the following is true about Sophie Milman?22. What do the new jazz singers have in common?23. It can be inferred that Scott Yanow’s attitude towards the new jazz singers is .24. What does the author mean by saying that those new jazz singers are “pushing boundaries” (Paragraph 4)?25. According to the last paragraph, those popular new jazz singers attribute their success to .

“HELL is a city much like London,” opined Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1819. Modern academics agree. Last year Dutch researchers showed that city dwellers have a 21% higher risk of developing anxiety disorders than do their calmer rural countrymen, and a 39% higher risk of developing mood disorders. But exactly how the inner workings of the urban and rural minds cause this difference has remained obscure—until now. A study just published in Nature by Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg of the University of Heidelberg and his colleagues has used a scanning technique called functional magnetic-resonance imaging (FMRI) to examine the brains of city dwellers and country bumpkins when they are under stress.In Dr. Meyer-Lindenberg’s first experiment, participants lying with their heads in a scanner took maths tests that they were doomed to fail (the researchers had designed success rates to be just 25%-40%). To make the experience still more humiliating, the team provided negative feedback through headphones, all the while checking participants for indications of stress, such as high blood pressure.The urbanites’ general mental health did not differ from that of their provincial counterparts. However, their brains dealt with the stress imposed by the experimenters in different ways. These differences were noticeable in two regions: the amygdalas and the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (PACC). The amygdalas are a pair of structures, one in each cerebral hemisphere, that are found deep inside the brain and are responsible for assessing threats and generating the emotion of fear. The PACC is part of the cerebral cortex (again, found in both hemispheres) that regulates the amygdalas.People living in the countryside had the lowest levels of activity in their amygdalas. Those living in towns had higher levels. City dwellers had the highest. Not that surprising, to those of a Shelleyesque disposition. In the case of the PACC, however, what mattered was not where someone was living now, but where he or she was brought up. The more urban a person’s childhood, the more active his PACC, regardless of where he was dwelling at the time of the experiment.The amygdalas thus seem to respond to the here-and-now whereas the PACC is programmed early on, and does not react in the same, flexible way as the amygdalas. Second-to-second changes in its activity might, though, be expected to be correlated with changes in the amygdalas, because of its role in regulating them. FMRI allows such correlations to be measured.In the cases of those brought up in the countryside, regardless of where they now live, the correlations were as expected. For those brought up in cities, however, these correlations broke down. The regulatory mechanism of the native urbanite, in other words, seems to be out of kilter. Further evidence, then, for Shelley’s point of view. Moreover, it is also known that the PACC-amygdala link is often out of kilter in schizophrenia, and that schizophrenia is more common among city dwellers than country folk. Dr. Meyer-Lindenberg is careful not to claim that his results show the cause of this connection. But they might.Dr. Meyer-Lindenberg and his team conducted several subsequent experiments to check their findings. They asked participants to complete more maths tests—and also tests in which they mentally rotated an object—while investigators chided them about their performance. The results matched those of the first test. They also studied another group of volunteers, who were given stress-free tasks to complete. These experiments showed no activity in either the amygdalas or the PACC, suggesting that the earlier results were indeed the result of social stress rather than mental exertion.As is usually the case in studies of this sort, the sample size was small (and therefore not as robust as might be desirable) and the result showed an association, rather than a definite, causal relationship. That association is, nevertheless, interesting. Living in cities brings many benefits, but Dr. Meyer-Lindenberg’s work suggests that Shelley and his fellow Romantics had at least half a point.16. What does the text mainly talk about?17. Why does the author mention Shelly’s words at the beginning of the text?18. “out of kilter” (Paragraph 6) is closest in meaning with ________.19. Which of the following is true about the findings of the study?20. Which of the following is among the limitations of the study mentioned in the text?

The fact is that motherhood makes the heaviest demands in _______ the areas of least experience.

There is a conspicuous lack of public debate about how this insular country should _______ the reality that more immigrants are coming and that those already here are changing Japan.

A product is to be regarded as being _______ when introduced into another country at less than its normal value.

Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, _______ their cleanness, toughness and low cost. But they are harmful to environment.

I could then realize that he was a fever specialist of world _______.

His violent behavior sometimes is _______ his personality of shyness and self-consciousness.

The profession fell into _______, with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.

Teachers complain that children _______ these tests without being able to write a decent essay, solve a multi-step math problem or construct a framework.

_______ sleep is crucial to the health of adults, new research suggests that lack of sleep may affect teens’ health, too.

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