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The slow pace of job creation was without precedent for the period on recovery from a recession, but the conditions that conspired to cause the recession were also _______.

None of these students, including the one who passed today’s test is _______ the standard of last year’s students.

Directions: Write a composition of no less than 250 words based on the information provided below on your ANSWE SHEET:Among the most pressing problems in China’s education, especially in rural areas and towns/counties, is the scarcity of qualified teachers. There may be some ways to improve. Some argue that China should increase the salaries of teachers, especially in rural areas, as one of the most important incentives to promote the education in rural and less developed towns and counties in China. What’s your view? (You may provide a title suitable for your composition.)

Section B Chinese to English Translation (20 points)Directions: Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.（41）“一带一路”的独特部分是强调建立陆地和海洋基础设施。基础设施是所有国家的永久性需求。由于各国对基础设施的普遍重视，区域性的基础设施和联通项目建设从政治上来说相对容易往前推进。这些项目将自然地增加贸易、投资和各国之间人民的交流。跨国基础设施项目服务于跨境贸易的增长目标，因而是比自由贸易协定更容易促进贸易的方式，而这是当今世界上很多国家都强烈反对的。（42）中国迄今为止已成功实现了渐进式经济下滑，接下来的问题是如何实现长期可持续增长。看看增长的需求端，投资长期以来已成为主要驱动。尽管中国的人均资本存量比更发达的经济体低，(中国)仍然需要实现从投资向消费的逐渐平衡，以避免进一步的资本错配及其负面影响，如一些行业和房地产的过剩。中国在两年前就已经开始这种再平衡努力了，最近的政府工作报告及2017年国民经济与社会发展计划草案又重申了对促进消费的重视。

Section A English to Chinese (20 points)Directions: Translate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.If Republicans in Congress unite behind Donald Trump’s agenda, it will not be because they have changed their views on economics. Whatever Mr. Trump’s plans for border taxes and fiscal stimulus, most Republicans still profess to support free trade and loathe government borrowing. (36) Instead, unity is possible because two other goals bind the president and his party together. The first, tax cuts, is a usual priority for the party. But the second, deregulation, only recently rose to the same status. The call to cut red tape（官样文章，冗长的法规条文）is now an emotive rallying cry for Republicans—more so, in the hearts of many congressmen, than slashing deficits. Deregulation will, they argue, unleash a “confident America” in which businesses thrive and wages soar, leaving economists, with their excuses for the “new normal” of low growth, red faced. Are they right?(37) The straightforward motivation for Republicans’ deregulatory agenda is their disdain for President Barack Obama’s legacy, much of which was installed through regulatory fiat. The Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare, required bureaucrats to write thousands of pages of new rules; the Dodd-Frank financial-reform bill did the same. (38) When legislation was not forthcoming, the executive branch threw its weight around instead. It asserted that the Clean Air Act gave it wide-ranging powers to fight climate change, and that the Clean Water Act let it clean up many more ponds and rivers than ever before.(39) But totting up costs and benefits is hardly straightforward. An agency which supports a regulation can obviously nudge the numbers in a favorable direction. Bureaucrats must sometimes make value judgments. For instance, the Obama administration counted benefits to foreign countries when weighing up rules to reduce carbon emissions.In any case, cost-benefit analysis ages badly. Without updating it, it is difficult to know how much old regulations weigh on the economy. One Mercatus working paper plugs the number of rules in each industry into a complex model of the economy. It finds that rules written since 1980 have dampened growth by about 0.8 percentage points a year.(40) Republicans like to put about that sort of figure, but it strikes many economists as implausibly large. Even those sympathetic to deregulation are hesitant to forecast the growth effects of a regulatory bonfire, preferring to stress the benefits of tax cuts. Democrats, meanwhile, are scathing about the idea that rolling back regulations would pep up the economy much. Jason Furman, who advised Mr. Obama, adds up the costs of Obama-era rules and says it is “impossible” to see how you would add even a tenth of a percentage point to growth by undoing them. (The Trump administration promises growth of 3.5%-4%, up from 1.6% in 2016, partly on the back of deregulation.)

Most cells are transparent—in other words, they are not very good at reflecting or absorbing light. To look at them under a microscope thus requires trickery. Many of these tricks kill the cells, and even those that keep them alive look only at slices through each cell, rather than seeing the whole thing in three dimensions. Michael Feld, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his colleagues, think they can change that. They have invented a way to look at cells that are still alive. Moreover, they can do so in three dimensions. Their method is called tomographic phase microscopy, and it is reported in this week’s Nature Methods. Instead of relying on absorbed or reflected light, Dr. Feld’s technique celebrates transparency by looking at light that gets through unaltered. It does so by measuring a property called the refractive index.This index measures the speed of light in a material. (Light zips along at the actual “speed of light”, faster than which nothing can go, only when it is travelling through a vacuum.) The different components of a cell, though transparent, have different refractive indices. Dr. Feld and his team therefore set out to map what these differences are, with a view to using them to distinguish between cellular components.To measure the refractive indices of different parts of a cell they use a technique called interferometry, which involves splitting a beam of light in two. One half, known as the object beam, passes through the cell; the other is directed along a different path and act as a reference. The length of the reference path is such that if no sample is present, the two daughter beams will be as perfectly in phase when they meet as they were when they were separated. The crests and the troughs of their waves will reinforce each other, and the result will be brightness. The more that the light passing through the sample is slowed down, however, the more the two beams will be out of phase. Crest will fall on trough, and the result will be darkness. It is this phase shift that gives Dr. Feld’s new form of microscopy its name.A single pair of beams does not, however, produce a useful image. To do that requires scanning the object beam through the target about a hundred different ways. From the refractive index of each path it is possible—with the application of some suitably crunchy computing power—to produce a three-dimensional image.To test his idea, Dr. Feld looked at cervical-cancer cells. If you identify this cancer early, the patient will probably survive. Miss it, and he/she will die. Dr. Feld wondered if the changes that occur during cancer would show up using his new method. They did, in a part of the cell called the nucleolus. This is the place where the components of protein factories are made. Since cancer cells grow rapidly, and thus have a high demand for proteins, it was a likely place to expect changes.Dr. Feld also has plans to use beams of different colors, since each color has a slightly different refractive index in a given material. That would provide extra data for the computer to chew on, and probably result in better pictures. With enough pictures, Dr. Feld’s technique may make biology as transparent as the cells it studies.31. Tomographic phase microscopy is different from the other tricks that look at cells in that.32. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the speed of light in materials?33. The result of darkness in the technique of interferometry implies that .34. Dr. Feld’s method could be applied into identifying cancer early by .35. The best title if the passage could be .

The Beat Generation is a label applied to a non-conformist social movement begun in New York City in the 1950s. Its message was carried by a group of writers who used stream-of-consciousness forms to express the insights and longings of those who rejected the mainstream values of the times. Although the Beat writers produced few lasting works, their attitudes inspired rock music artists and social movements of the 1960s and beyond.The term beat was coined in 1964 by Herbert Huncke. He meant it to be a synonym for tied or down and out. In 1948, the word was used by Jack Kerouac in his phrase Beat Generation, by which he changed the reference to mean upbeat and beatific. The phrase finally entered public consciousness in 1952 with John Clellon Holmes’s article in the New York Times Magazine called “This is the Beat Generation.”The original Beats were a group of friends from New York City who met in the mid-1940s. They included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, and William S. Burroughs. That core group moved to San Francisco, where they were joined by the poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti and many others.The first famous work of Beat literature was the long poem, Howl, by Allen Ginsberg. In 1955, Ginsberg read the poem aloud at a gallery in San Francisco, causing a stir with its portrayal of drug use and homosexuality. Its fame was fueled by the obscenity trial of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, who sold the poem in his bookstore. But Ferlinghetti was acquitted when the judge ruled that the work did have “redeeming social importance” and thus was not obscene.The most successful Beat novelist was Jack Kerouac. In his best novel, On the Road, published in 1957, Kerouac described an automobile trip around the United States by a character based on himself, Sal Paradise, and Dean Moriarty, based on Kerouac’s friend Neal Cassady. The novel made Cassady into a cultural icon known for his irresponsible lifestyle, womanizing, amorality, and lust for life.On the Road became known as much for how Kerouac wrote it as for its content. Kerouac allegedly was high on pills while he wrote it, and he typed it on a continuous scroll of paper so that he would not have to interrupt his thoughts by changing paper. He is said to have believed that “the first thought is the best thought”, and he claimed that he never revised what he wrote. Though he said that he wrote the book in just three weeks, the truth is that he had been planning the novel for years and that he wrote several drafts.Also influential was a novel by William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch, which also survived an obscenity trial. In that work, Burroughs, who was a drug addict himself, tells of his drug-induced fantasies and his travels among addicts and criminals.In the 1960s, those who followed Beat philosophy became known as hippies or yippies. Their culture was centered in San Francisco, which became a center of rock music, drug culture, and protest against the war in Vietnam.The Beat Generation’s lasting contribution to literature is that it encouraged writing on more personal topics, including those showing the unpleasant sides of human nature and of society. It validated expression through informal, conversational language and made profanity a permissible tool for revealing human feelings.26. The word coined in the passage is closest in meaning to .27. Why does the author mention the New York Times Magazine in the passage?28. According to the passage, which of the following is true of On the Road?29. The word interrupt in the passage is closest in meaning to .30. According to the passage, Beat literature can best be described as .

London today is the political and financial capital of Great Britain. It began, however, as a Roman stronghold, and following the Romans departure, the Anglo-Saxons and then the Normans controlled it. London grew considerably during the medieval period and, by the sixteenth century, was primed to be the center of unprecedented growth. Most of this can be attributed to the city’s economic development. Located on the Thames River with easy access to the North Sea, London became a center of shipping and commerce. Large corporations were based there, which brought further wealth. Finally, when the Industrial Revolution began, London was transformed even more and had become the financial center of the world by the nineteenth century.The Romans conquered Britain in 43 A.D. and founded London—called Londinium by them—as a garrison town, and it became a center of seaborne trade soon afterward. London’s location was ideal: It was centrally situated on the Thames River far from the coast but not so far inland that ships could not navigate upriver to it. As such, it became a center of trade in Roman Britain and may have had as many as 60,000 people at its height. But the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century resulted in the Roman abandonment of Britain, so, for some time, London was virtually empty. Anglo-Saxon incursions led to the reoccupation of the area, but Viking invasions and decades of instability meant that the region saw little economic growth. When the Normans invaded from France in 1066, they chose London to their center of government, which began the city’s revival.During the mid and late Middle Ages, London expanded as both a town and economic center when the European world became more connected due to the increased shipbuilding and maritime trade. London was poised to take advantage of this thanks to its geographical location and political power. The city continued to grow in size and wealth throughout the medieval period as well as during the Renaissance. When Britain began to gain colonies in the Americas and elsewhere in the sixteenth century, fabulous amounts of money started finding their way to London.At that time, mercantilism is the reigning economic philosophy in Britain. It called for the protecting of British trade between the home island and its colonies. The government accordingly enacted laws that imposed taxes on imports and protected British trade. The main objectives were to attain a trade surplus and to amass gold and silver. One result of this mercantilist philosophy was that extraordinary wealth poured into London. At the center of all British economic activity, London grew rapidly and expanded in size and population during this time.At the same time, the founding of several great companies and institutions paved the way for London to become the center of world trade and finance. The British East India Company, for instance, was granted a monopoly on trade in India. It was based in London, so many treasures from India made their way there. The company had to raise money for its initial ventures, so it sold shares of stock that gave investors pieces of the wealth it was amassing. This helped establish the London Stock Exchange, which had its humble beginnings in London’s coffee shops, where merchants gathered to trade stocks and to learn financial news from around the world. Other important institutions, such as the Bank of England and the insurance firm Lloyd’s of London, were started then as well.During the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution caused the British economic philosophy to change from mercantilism to capitalism. Trade with overseas colonies became less important when investors in factories started becoming rich. Britain initiated a policy of free trade, sought to establish a worldwide market, and traded products from its manufacturing industry with anyone who would purchase them. London was at the center of this economic action. The development of fast steamships, the telegraph, and the telephone in the nineteenth century connected London with the entire world, so it became the world’s financial center. Its banks were used to transfer funds worldwide, its financial institutions provided capital for investors, and its docks and warehouses were filled with raw materials and goods from around the world. Unfortunately, the onset of World War I in 1914 brought this entire system to a halt.21. The word primed in the passage is closest in meaning to .22. According to the paragraph 2, the Romans left London because .23. In paragraph 3, the author uses shipbuilding and maritime trade as example of .24. The author’s description of mercantilism in paragraph 4 mentions which of the following?25. In paragraph 5, the author’s description of the British East India Company mentions which of the following?

Shamanism is the belief in a spiritual world in which all living things are connected. It is the oldest form of systematic belief in human history as there is evidence of shamanism existing in Neolithic times thousands of years ago. People in most ancient cultures practiced Shamanism in some form during their histories. While some features are common to the practice of shamanism, most cultures added their own unique aspects. Over time, however, organized religions began to spring up in ancient civilizations, so shamanism was either suppressed or disappeared entirely. In modern times, even though some people practice it, mainstream society mostly views it skeptically.The rise of shamanism in ancient times can be attributed to mankind’s desire to understand how the world around him worked. Lacking modern scientific methods as well as the knowledge to understand the world, people in ancient times came to believe there was a spiritual connection between man, animals, plants, the moon, the sun and the cosmos in its entirety. Some cultures attributed this spiritual power to a deity or pantheon of deities while others credited it to nature as a whole. Over time, some cultures created elaborate sets of beliefs and rituals—now called shamanism—concerning this spirit world. Central to these beliefs in most cultures was the notion that an individual with a deep connection to the spirit world—a shaman—could act as a guide and advisor to others.In most cultures, shamans were men who held positions of prominence, but women could be shamans in some instances. A shaman’s role varied from culture to culture, but some aspects of it were nearly universal. Among them were the perceived abilities to communicate with the spiritual world, to travel to that world, to see the future, to heal the sick, and to guide the dead to their final resting place. Shamans were typically called upon to act as advisors for a group’s leaders, to use their skills to ask for help during times of need, and to be the keepers of their communities’ oral history and traditions, which they would pass on to the next generation. Typically, shamans wore elaborate costumes that reflected their role in society. Animal motifs in their outfits were common to shamans in Indian tribes in the Americas, yet their garb differed in other regions.Shamans used a variety of methods to call upon the spiritual world for guidance or assistance with the sick. They employed music, singing, and chanting, and they sometimes took plants that induced psychedelic trances. Most shamans were skilled at recognizing which plants were useful as medicines, so this aided them in their roles as healers. Most shamanistic practices and skills were kept secret from outsiders—even from other tribes in the same culture—and shamans left no written records, so it is difficult for modern anthropologists to understand many aspects of shamanism in ancient cultures. Even in modern times, many primitive tribes that practice shamanism, such as those in the Amazon Rainforest, are reluctant to divulge their secrets to outsiders.While shamanism prevailed during prehistoric times, it went into a long decline that has lasted for thousands of years. The rise of civilization and the establishing of strong central governments in Mesopotamian and Egypt were the first in a series of steps that led to the founding of organized religion and the repressing of shamanism. The development of Christianity and the spread of European beliefs and culture around the world further helped continue the trend of shamanism becoming irrelevant. For instance, the Europeans often forcibly converted natives in North and South American to Christianity and made them abandon their shamanistic practices.Shamanism never died out entirely despite some people’s best efforts to make this happen. In fact, many tribes resisted efforts to stamp it out and continued observing their beliefs in private. Today, shamanism has become more accepted, and it is practiced openly in numerous places around the world, including in modern societies in North America, South America and Asia. For example, the Hmong people of southeast Asia brought shamanism to the United States when they migrated there in large numbers in late 1900s. Still, despite this slight renewal in shamanistic beliefs, many people regard it as superstition from a more primitive age.16. In stating that organized religions began to spring up, the author means that the organized religions .17. The author’s description of shamanism in paragraph 1 mentions all of the following EXCEPT .18. The word perceived in the passage is closest in meaning to .19. According to paragraph 4, anthropologists have problems understanding shamanism because .20. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the final paragraph of the passage?

He knew that the area’s rich plant life had been severely ______ by the huge herds of cows grazing the land.

In the final analysis, it is our ______ of death which decides our answers to all the questions that life puts to us.

At first, the company refused to purchase the equipment, but this decision was ______ revised.

We have been hearing ______ accounts of your work.

Before turning to writing, I spent eight years as a lawyer ______ about how life would be with a prominent father blazing my trail.

Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s ______ president, died. His funeral in Moscow was attended by a bevy of world leaders past and present.

These early clocks, operated by weights, were not particularly accurate, and it was not until the sixteenth century ______.

By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was ______ disintegration.

It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt ______ invention as a threat to his way of life.

you promise you will work hard, support you to college.

In the 1930s, when millions of comic books were ______ the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.

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