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Directions:Read the Chinese essay below and write an English abstract for it. Your abstract should be no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 point)从中国制造到中国质量文/强兴华金融纵横财富2007.16总第345期近来，在世界市场上，中国制造的产品似乎遭遇到了“质量门”。按照国外某些媒体的指责，中国制造的产品的质量问题，计有“毒牙膏”、“含铅玩具”、“含超量抗生素水产品”等等。一时间，中国已经成了问题产品的最大来源。中国产品在世界市场上正在面临着空前的信任危机。事实当然不是这样的。任何一个粗略了解中国产品、中国国情的人，都不可能得出这样的结论。一些西方媒体大肆渲染中国产品的质量问题，显然是别有用心的。这不过是国际市场上不正当竞争的另外一种表现形式，是政治上“中国威胁论”的另外一种版本。美国《华盛顿邮报》更是直接把这种无中生有的指责，斥为“带有种族主义色彩”。其实，自从工业化以来，产品质量问题，一直是人类所面临的一个重要问题。英国的“疯牛病”、美国的“毒菠菜”、日本的问题汽车等等，举凡在世界贸易中占有重要地位的国家，在质量方面，到目前为止，谁也不能完全避免问题的产生，中国当然也不可能例外。这些别有用心的个别西方媒体的喧嚣，倒是从另外一个方面提醒了我们：作为一个工业化进程开始较晚的国家，如果要成为世界制造业强国，我们的确还有一段较长的路要走。首先，要提高工业化水平。从一定意义上来说，工业化的过程，也就是质量控制体系建立健全的过程。中国工业化进程起步较晚，与世界几百年的工业化进程比较起来，也不过才有几十年的历史。必须承认，在质量控制体系的建立方面，中国还有很长的路要走。因此，中国要生产出质量过硬的产品，要成为世界制造强国，就必须提高工业化的水平，提高产品质量的控制能力。由于工业化起步较晚，目前我们还有一些“小作坊”式的生产方式的存在。这些小作坊虽然未必一定是质量低下的代名词，但是，一些小作坊产品质量低下，却是不争的事实。改造这些小作坊式的生产方式，提高其工业化水平和质量控制能力，也是提升中国质量的一个重要的方面。其次，要加强质量监管。为了追逐最大的利润，所有的生产者都在努力降低生产成本。而一些不良生产者，就有可能把降低产品质量，当成降低成本的最为有效的手段。中国是这样，外国也是如此。这种情况下，就需要有一种外在的力量，来制约这种不正当的追逐利润的手段，这就是政府质量监管部门。就我国目前的情况而论，这方面所存在的主要问题，一是整个社会并没有形成一种崇尚产品质量的风气，没有质量立国的意识，低劣产品制造者尚未成为人人喊打的过街老鼠；二是质量监管能力不足，事先防范能力不强，事后检查、惩罚力度不够，还有不少漏洞。这些都是今后要加强的重点。再则，要改变以量多价低为主要特征的贸易方式。中国长久以来所采取的这种贸易方式，有其不得已的原因。一是当时的世界市场环境不行，不少国家贸易制裁中国，中国只能出口一些低加工的农副产品和矿产资源；二是中国当时的加工工业生产能力低下，技术创新水平不高，只能向市场提供低价产品。低价策略也带来了一系列的问题。比如说，利润空间太小，难以负担起高水平质量监控体系的成本，难以雇佣到高水平的劳动力，更难以为产品创新、技术创新提供资金支持。量多价低的对外贸易方式已走到尽头，是到了改变的时候了。最后，要提高应对危机的能力，掌控世界舆论的话语权。既然任何国家都不可能在国际市场上完全避免质量问题，那么，如何应对这一类型的问题，提高应对危机的能力，也就成为了一个值得重视的问题了。与以往比较起来，此次所谓的中国产品“质量问题”出现之后，我国有关部门据实澄清，质监部门也加强了相关的检查，既有语言，也有行动，相比于以往的危机处理能力，已有了长足的进步。从长远来看，还是要努力掌握世界舆论的话语权，要在世界上有中国的声音。这也是我国软实力的一个重要方面。时间终究会还中国产品以清白。我们相信，只要我们解决好上述问题，不断提高对于产品质量的认识，总有一天，中国制造将会以中国质量闻名于世界，并且，这一天不会让我们等得太久。关键词：工业化质量控制政府监管贸易方式危机处理Key Words: industrialization, quality control, governments’ supervision, trade mode, crisis management

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As I have suggested, the new breed of investors had been playing with information and turning it into money, another kind of information. However, the Federal Reserve Bank knew that once the gap between investment and production became too large, the situation would result in crisis. Now that it had happened, on Black Monday, what was to be done? (46) The answer, paradoxically, was to invest more money—that is, more information—in the system. Even at the risk of losing the money immediately. This would shore up the value made from information with more information. And in this way, the market would quickly regain its composure. There was, of course, no cause for alarm once investors’ risks were covered by the government’s risk, that is, by the whole economy putting itself on the line. (47) That attitude, however, is bound to generate a series of other fruitful crises, which may eventually teach us a thing or two about the shortcomings of representational money as a medium for social development.Crisis is the moment of change, of metamorphosis: we can imagine that a caterpillar is in deep crisis at the moment it turns into a butterfly. We all think that the word crisis means something terrible, but it doesn’t. It means something clever, peaceful and good. Crisis comes from the ancient Greek word krino, which means “to evaluate, judge or decide.” A crisis is a time for judgment and an object of judgment. (48) Though many crises are occasioned by truly unpredictable occurrences, many more arise from the breakdown of old systems as they are overtaken by the new. The Bhopal disaster in India, which claimed over 4,000 lives and injured more than 400,000 in an eruption of its dangerous chemical Methyl Isocyanate (MIC), might have been predicted—if not averted—by tracking the safety records of the local management which actually proved to be appallingly negligent and irresponsible. (49) But a real breakthrough was the sudden discovery of the new context of public accountability provided by electronic communications. We have all become our brother’s keepers in the world of instant communications. Facing a crisis, many people waste their time watching the old order go down, deploring their fate and regretting the world that has gone by. (50) But it takes critical judgment in critical times to understand that the real story is what’s coming. Then the task of deciding is easy and fascinating.

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Memories that we are not aware of may be just as accurate as those we recall, researchers have found. And they might also provoke unique changes in the brain’s electrical activity during recall.The researchers have looked at a type of memory called “implicit” memory. (41) The phenomenon has been demonstrated in patients with amnesia, who can, with training, learn to solve specific puzzles more quickly despite insisting that they have never seen the puzzle before.In a study published in Nature Neuroscience, Joel Voss at the University of Illinois reports that implicit memory may be at work when we recall images that we have seen before.“What is exciting is they are sort of bringing an experimental lens to the most twilight aspects of our memory,” says neuroscientist John Gabrieli of the MIT.Voss showed 12 people a series of kaleidoscopic images. (42) That distraction made it harder to consciously remember the pictures.Then, 45 seconds after studying the images, participants were tested on how well they could distinguish an image they had previously seen from a new, but very similar picture.Each time they selected an image, they were asked to gauge how certain they were of the choice. Did they clearly remember the picture? Was it merely familiar? Or was it simply a guess?Overall, it seemed that a guess was not always a guess. (43) But Voss says it is too soon to tell whether the findings will have implications for real-world scenarios—such as exposure to subliminal messages. So far, he has only tested the phenomenon using non-sensical, kaleidoscope images. And he has only given subjects a choice between the image they had seen before and a very similar one. Images that bear some meaning, for example, would be more likely to be remembered explicitly.The authors have reported similar results before. But this time, Voss also measured changes in electrical signals in the brain as the people completed their tests. (44)“The timing is interesting.” says Gabrieli. “This effect is occurring in the early push of processing, as opposed to when more time passes and you have more time to think about it.” A brain-imaging experiment, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain, could provide more information about where in the brain these signals are originating, he adds.The results are “striking”, says Daniel Schacter, a professor of psychology at Harvard University. (45) Those differences were found in the visual cortex, a region of the brain that processes images, and Schacter speculates that the electrical signature Voss observed has similar origins.A. Participants were allowed to devote their full attention to half of the images, but were distracted by a number task while viewing the remaining half.B. An earlier imaging study conducted by Schacter and Scott Slotnick, who is now at Boston College, found differences in brain activity when participants correctly or incorrectly believed that they had seen an image before.C. They found that a unique signature appeared 200 milliseconds after the image was shown that was associated with correct ‘guessing’ of an image originally viewed while distracted.D. When tested on the images they had seen, participants “guessed” correctly more often than they “remembered” correctly.E. The time of remembering is crucial to the functioning of implicit memory, and it will also affect the quality of explicit memory, according to Dr. Gabrieli.F. Whereas “explicit” memory is full of the things we consciously remember, implicit memory contains memories we do not realize we have formed.

This week we will be celebrating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, one of Britain’s most extraordinary scientists. His theory of evolution, one of the greatest discoveries of all time, gives us a way of understanding the connectedness of all life and the uniqueness of human life within it. Together with other branches of scientific exploration, evolution begins to unfold and illuminate the interplay of forces that make our universe such an extraordinary dynamic reality. In this sense, science is itself a journey of learning and exploration. This I find exciting and humbling.Towards the end of his life Darwin wrote: “It seems to me absurd to doubt that a man may be an ardent Theist and an evolutionist.” The science opens me not only to puzzles and to questions about the world I live in; it leads me to marvel at its complexity. Here, I find science is a good friend to my faith. It also calls me to a journey of learning and understanding. One of the things that mars our culture is the fracture between faith and science. It impoverishes our inquiry into the realities that make up our life and world. This is a false opposition.If we see the two as fundamentally opposed—science endangering and undermining faith, or faith obstructing knowledge—then distortions are produced on both sides. For example, some Christians argue for “Young Earth Creationism” or Intelligent Design as an alternative to evolutionary theory. Creationism is the belief that the biblical stories of Creation as described in the Book of Genesis are literally true.Is genuine Christianity obliged to adopt any of these positions? No, it is not. Belief in creation is not equivalent to any one of them. It is a mistake to treat the theology of creation in the Book of Genesis as a scientific textbook. It does unfold a profound and valid truth about the world in which we live, its order and purpose. The Book of Genesis speaks about the relationship between God and creation and especially about the place of humanity in that relationship. That wonderful narrative of creation offers us a first vision of an “ecology of holiness” in which every material and living thing has a place and its creativity is consecrated in goodness by God. The account of creation in Genesis is pointing us beyond the question “how?” to the question “why?” Ultimately, science as well as faith must come to that most fundamental of all questions: the question of meaning and purpose.31. According to the author, Darwin’s theory of evolution shows that .32. Which of the following would Darwin most probably agree to?33. The author finds science “humbling” because it .34. The author believes that The Book of Genesis is true in that it .35. In the author’s opinion, the relationship between science and faith is .

Every baby born a decade from now will have its genetic code mapped at birth, a genome sequencing company has predicted.A complete DNA read-out for every newborn will be technically feasible and affordable in less than five years, promising a revolution in healthcare, says the chief executive of Illumina.This will open a new approach to medicine, by which conditions such as diabetes and heart disease can be predicted and drugs prescribed more safely and effectively.The development, however, will raise difficult questions about privacy and access to individuals’ genetic records. Many people may be reluctant to have their genome read, for fear that the results could be used against them by an employer or insurance company.The prospect of genome screening for all has emerged because of the plummeting cost of the relevant technology.The Human Genome Project, which published its first rough sequence of mankind’s genetic code in 2001, cost an estimated $4 billion. By the time the scientists James Watson and Craig Venter had their genomes mapped two years ago, the cost had fallen to about $1 m.Last month, Illumina announced a deal with a British company that is developing a new approach to sequencing that could bring costs down further. In an interview with The Times, Dr. Flatley said a genome sequence should be available for less than $1,000 in three to four years.“The limitations are sociological; when and where people think it can be applied, the concerns people have about misinformation and the background ethics questions.”“I think those are actually going to be the limits that push it out to a ten-year timeframe,” he added.By examining which genetic variants a person has inherited, it is possible to identify raised risks of developing an array of conditions, including cardiovascular disease and many cancers. Those at high risk can then be screened more regularly, or given drugs or dietary advice to lower their chances of becoming ill.Personal genome sequencing, however, will raise legitimate concerns about privacy, “Bad things can be done with the genome. It could predict something about someone—and you could potentially hand information to their employer or their insurance company,” said Dr. Flatley, “Legislation has to be passed.”Complete genetic privacy, however, was unlikely to be possible, he added.“People have to recognize that this horse is out of the barn, and that your genome probably can’t be protected, because everywhere you go you leave your genome behind.”As the benefits become clearer, however, he believes that most people will want their genomes read and interpreted. The apparent benefits would soon eclipse the hazards.26. A complete DNA read-out is possible in the near future because .27. When will genome screening be actually applied to public, according to Dr. Flatley?28. The underlined word “conditions” in the text most probably means .29. What might be the “bad thing” associated with personal genome sequencing?30. What does Dr. Flatley think about genome screening?

I often speak of our district’s performance data with sadness. The situation for our city’s children is terrible. Yet while I acknowledge the seriousness of the work we face, I want to be clear about something: I do not blame teachers for the low achievement levels.I have talked with too many teachers to believe this is their fault. I have watched them pour their energy into engaging every student. I know they are working furiously in a system that for many years has not appreciated them—sometimes not even paying them on time or providing textbooks. Those who categorically blame teachers for the failures of our system are simply wrong.Rather, teachers are the solution to the vexing problems facing urban education.In the coming weeks, we will submit a final proposal for a new teacher contract. Through it and other reforms, we can create, together, the most effective educator force in the country. Our key goals:A growth model of achievement. Many teachers inherit classes of students who are far behind academically. Yet some teachers, even with minimal support, move their students two to three grade levels ahead in a year. Teachers will not be evaluated on an absolute measure but on how far they take their students.Protection from arbitrary firings. Some teachers are concerned a principal may want to fire them for reasons unrelated to performance. While principals who do this risk their own jobs (firing effective teachers is a sure way to lower school achievement), we will ensure protections for teachers. We need a fair and transparent process, free from bias and haste, designed with teachers’ input.Professional development and support. Teachers have told me that many of their hesitations about the contract center on the pressures that teachers face: “What if my school does not support me? What if I am working my tail off and I still have weeks when my patience is thin and things beyond my control are causing problems?”Our proposal will provide a framework to navigate these questions with strong programs to support and develop teachers as professionals. Neither will we forget the small things that can weigh down great teachers. For example, we want to reimburse those who buy supplies for their classrooms or use their cell phones to call students and families. We want to compensate teachers when they cover classes for others. I was a teacher. I know how these things add up.21. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?22. The author’s attitude toward the present educational system is .23. By “a growth model of achievement”, the author probably means that .24. Under which condition can a principal fire a teacher?25. The proposal to be submitted by the author and his colleagues will be focused on __.

The central themes around which we have woven our narrative are those of modernization and revolution. These processes of change can be seen in the crucial nineteenth century—(1) the great amount of space devoted to that (2) in this text—and partly were the product of outside influences. (3) from the outset there was an ongoing struggle between external forces and internal difficulties and differences, that (4) the outcome of China’s efforts to modernize. As such, these posed challenges that were far greater than those (5) by other states that came late to modernization, especially Russia and Japan, countries (6) which China’s attempts at modernization are frequently compared. The (7) in which the Chinese employed their past to (8) these challenges had a seminal influence on the (9) in which the Chinese structured their revolution and, we believe, continues to (10) heavily on the course of events in China today.Modernization is a difficult concept to define. This is partly (11) the complexity of changes associated with it as well as the wide variety of ways in which nations have (12) the experience. We define modernization here as the process by which societies move from a rural, agrarian base to (13) industrial structures of living via the (14) of science, technology, and rational modes of thought. Elements commonly (15) with such restructuring of the social order (16) sustained economic growth, specialization of labor, increased public education, broader distribution of income, expanded life expectancy, an increased reliance (17) bureaucracy, and mass political participation. Once set in (18), modernization affects all parts of a country’s social structure as well as the (19) of its citizens. When such changes take place rapidly, they naturally have a revolutionary (20) on the society undergoing the experience.

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