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Chinese journal finds 31% of submissions plagiarizedSince October 2008, we have detected unoriginal material in a staggering 31% of papers submitted to the Journal of Zhejiang University-Science (692 of 2,233 submissions). The publication, designated as a key academic journal by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, was the first in China to sign up for CrossRef’s plagiarism-screening service CrossCheck (Nature 466, 167; 2010).We are therefore campaigning for authors, researchers and editors to be on the alert for plagiarism and to work against cultural misunderstandings. In ancient China, for example, students were typically encouraged to copy the words of their masters.To this end, we have given lectures and written three papers (including Y, H. Zhang Learn. Publ. 23, 9-14; 2010) that have been widely publicized in China’s media (see go.nature.com/dPey7X; in Chinese) and reported in CrossRef’s quarterly online news magazine (see go.nature.com/icUwvh). Our website displays the CrossCheck logo to remind authors of their responsibilities.Other Chinese journals are also policing plagiarism, using software launched in 2008 by China’s Academic Journals Electronic Publishing House and Tongfang Knowledge Network Technology in Beijing.Yuehong ZhangJournal of Zhejiang University-Science,38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, Chinae-mail: jzus@zju.edu.cn32. What is the main purpose of this correspondence from Zhang?33. Which of the following strategy is not utilized by Journal of Zhejiang University-Science?34. Authors of Journal of Zhejiang University-Science can get to beware of their responsibilities through .35. It can be found that local software was launched in 2008 by Chinese companies, but CrossCheck was developed by .

“Avoid compulsion,” said Plato in the Republic, “and let your children’s lessons take the form of play.” Horace, among others, recommended rewarding a child with cakes. Erasmus tells of an English gentleman who tried to teach his son Greek and Latin without punishment. He taught the boy to use a bow and arrow and set up targets in the shape of Greek and Latin letters, rewarding each hit with a cherry. He also fed the boy letters cut from delicious biscuits. Privileges and favors are often suggested, and the teacher may be personally reinforcing as friend or entertainer. In industrial education students are paid for learning. Certain explicit contrived reinforcers, such as marks, grades, and diplomas, are characteristic of education as an institution. (These suggest progress, but like progress they must be made reinforcing for other reasons.) Prizes are intrinsically reinforcing. Honors and medals derive their power from prestige or esteem. This varies between cultures and epochs. In 1876 Oscar Wilde, then 22 years old and halfway toward his B.A. at Oxford, got a “first in Mods.” He wrote to a friend: “... I did not know what I had got till the next morning at 12 o’clock, breakfasting at the Mitre, I read it in the Times. Altogether I swaggered horribly but am really pleased with myself. My poor mother is in great delight, and I was overwhelmed with telegrams on Thursday from everyone I knew.” The contemporary student graduating summa cum laude is less widely acclaimed.Although free of some of the by-products of aversive control, positive reinforcers of this sort are not without their problems. Many are effective only in certain states of deprivation which are not always easily arranged. Making a student hungry in order to reinforce him with food would raise personal issues which are not entirely avoided with other kinds of reinforcers. We cannot all get prizes, and if some students gets high grades, others must get low.But the main problem again is the contingencies. Much of what the child is to do in school does not have the form of play, with its naturally reinforcing consequences, nor is there any natural connection with food or a passing grade or a medal. Such contingencies must be arranged by the teacher, and the arrangement is often defective. The boy mentioned by Erasmus may have salivated slightly upon seeking a Greek or Latin text, and he was probably a better archer, but his knowledge of Greek and Latin could not have been appreciably improved. Grades are almost always given long after the student had stopped behaving as a student. We must know that such contingencies are weak because we would never use them to shape skilled behavior. In industrial education pay is usually by the hour—in other words, contingent mainly on being present. Scholarships are contingent on a general level of performance. All these contingencies could no doubt be improved, but there is probably good reason why they remain defective. 26. It can be inferred that the “English gentleman” believed that good teaching utilized .27. The parenthetical remark in Paragraph 1 (These suggest progress ... for other reasons) is intended to caution educators against .28. This passage indicates that “cultures and epochs” (Paragraph 1) vary in ways that .29. The Wilde story in Paragraph 1, “In 1876 … everyone I knew,” is intended to illustrate .30. This passage mentions which of the following as “problems” (Paragraph 2) inherent in the use of positive reinforcers in education?I. difficulties in scheduling the reinforcersII. limitations in the supply of reinforcersIII. the fact that rewards encourage only superficial learning31. In the final paragraph of this passage, the author suggests that grades are problematic as reinforcers because they __.

Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little sue of the face with to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner”.The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two American’s is well defined; speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they reestablish eye contact with the listener to reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.21. The author is convinced that the eyes are .22. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person .23. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner’s neck because .24. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to .25. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants __.

By the 1980’s, according to international but admitted inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven (1) ten adults in the world were considered (2). The increase in literacy from ancient (3) to the present has not been a story of unbroken progress. The ability of people within a given (4) to read and write (5) influenced by a number of (6), including (7) well-being, the (8) of material (9), the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading.(10) those factors, usefulness has probably been the most (11). In ancient societies, as people (12) into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep (13), to (14) business, and to (15) amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and products. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely (16) to the operation of the government, literacy became useful and even (17) for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy.During the early Middle Ages, with the general (18) of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined (19) the church. But in the (20) Middle Ages, in the period of Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world usefulness.

Directions: Carefully read the following statement and write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words. You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content, logic, style and language. (30 points)“Advances in communication technology mean that newspapers and magazines are doomed.” Do you agree with this statement? An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The health profiles of many racial and ethnic minorities reflect the social inequality evident in the United States. (46) The poor economic and environmental conditions of groups such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans are manifested in high morbidity and mortality rates for these groups. It is true that some afflictions, such as single-cell anemia among Blacks, have a clear generic basis. But in most instances, environmental factors contribute to the differential rates of disease and death.In many respects, the mortality rates for African Americans are distressing. Compared with Whites, Blacks have higher death rates from heart disease, pneumonia, diabetes, and cancer. The death rate from stroke is twice as high among African Americans. (47) Such epidemiological findings reflect in part the fact that a high proportion of Blacks are found among the nation’s lower class. According to the National Center of Health Statistics, Whites can expect to live 77.7 years. In contrast, life expectancy for Blacks is 72.3 years (Arias 2004).As noted earlier, infant mortality is regarded as a primary indicator of health care. There is a significant gap in the United States between the infant mortality rates of African Americans and Whites. Generally, the rate of infant death is more than twice as high among Blacks. African Americans account for 15 percent of all live births in the nation but 29 percent of infant deaths. Perto Ricans and Native Americans have mortality rates that are lower than African Americans’ but higher than Whites’ (MacDorman et al. 2005).The medical establishment is not exempt from racism. (48) Unfortunately, the media often focus on obvious forms of racism, such as hate crimes, while overlooking more insidious forms in social institutions like the medical establishment. One review of more than 100 studies conducted over the last decade concluded that minorities receive inferior care even when they are insured. (49) Despite having access to care, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians are treated unequally as a result of racial prejudice and differences in the equality of various health care plans. Furthermore, national clinical studies have shown that even allowing for differences in income and insurance coverage, racial and ethnic minorities are less likely than other groups to receive both standard health care and life-saving treatment for conditions such as HIV infection (Caesar and Williams 2002; Smedley et al. 2002; Steyerberg et al. 2005).Drawing on the conflict perspective, sociologist Howard Waitzkin (1986) suggests that racial tensions also contribute to the medical problems of Blacks. In his view, the stress that results from racial prejudice and discrimination helps to explain the higher rates of hypertension found among African Americans (and Hispanics) compared to Whites. (50) Hypertension—twice as common in Blacks as in Whites—is believed to be a critical factor in Blacks’ high mortality rates from heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke (Morehouse Medical Treatment and Effectiveness Center 1999).Some Mexican Americans and many other Latinos adhere to cultural beliefs that make them less likely to use the established medical system. They may interpret their illness according to traditional Latino folk medicine, or curanderismo—a form of holistic health care and healing.

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(41) After being touted in the early 1990s as “the medicine of the future,” gene therapy left an 18-year-old dead and three others with leukemia; in July it was tied to the death of a 36-year-old Illinois woman undergoing treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, although further investigation cleared her therapy of the blame. Gene therapy scientists, however, believe they can put the bad news behind them, thanks to a handful of recent developments and others just over the horizon.(42) Researchers initially planned to treat hereditary disorders such as cystic fibrosis, in which normal gene products are deficient, by delivering functional copies of missing genes to cells that need them. Since then, scientists have expanded gene therapy’s possible applications to include “training” immune cells to hunt down cancer, building new blood vessels and making the immune system resistant to infection.“We really don’t know the full dimension of what it can do,” says Arthur Nienhuis, a hematologist at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis and president of the American Society of Gene Therapy (ASGT). In addition to 12 cancer treatments and a heart treatment currently in large phase III clinical trials, there have been a handful of early-stage developments: in June doctors at New York—Presbyterian Hospital announced promising results from a phase I trial for Parkinson’s disease; a therapy that has restored sight to 70 congenitally blind dogs is being tested in humans at the University of Pennsylvania; and eight research groups are gearing up to test new HIV treatments. (43)(44) It can target only those tissues that need it, “which is a major contrast with traditional pharmacotherapy, where you take a pill or receive an injection, and a very, very small portion of the injected or ingested drug actually arrives at the [correct] site,” says David Dichek, a cardiologist at the University of Washington. But ensuring that the gene reaches its target is no small feat. Trials can skirt this problem when targeted cells can be injected directly or easily removed- with the latter method, doctors can manipulate isolated cells in the lab and replace them in the patient later. But getting genes to inaccessible targets has been one of the field’s biggest hurdles.(45) Viruses are good at delivering genetic payloads to cells; after all, that is what they do. If scientists strip viruses of their genetic material and replace it with therapeutic genes, viruses will deliver this payload to the cells instead. Different viruses do different things—some attack the liver, others nerves; some insert their DNA into the host genome, others do not—so physicians can choose those that best suit their purposes and further engineer them if need be. “There’s been a lot of effort to steer viruses to go specific places,” says Donald Kohn, an immunologist at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California and Children Hospital Los Angeles.A. Even if gene therapy conquers these challenges, will it ever overcome its negative reputation?B. What makes gene therapy so promising also makes it extremely challenging.C. Most scientists use modified viruses as “vectors” to deliver gene therapy.D. Although no gene therapies have yet been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, more than 800 trials are ongoing; China has approved two cancer treatments, but their efficacy remains unclear.E. The past 15 years have been a roller coaster for gene therapy.F. Gene therapy describes any treatment in which doctors insert new or modified genes into a person’s cells to treat or prevent disease.

Read the following two letters of a journal’s editorial house.Letter OneTo: Dr. AB Brown,Editor, Journal of...Re: Manuscript Number…Title...Authors…Dear Dr. Brown,The paper describes… This is a topic which would benefit from additional work such as that described in the manuscript. However, a major concern with the paper is the interpretation and referencing of the literature in the Introduction and Discussion. Related to this is a lack of integration with previous work to explain aspects of the Methods. The paper needs re-interpretation after a thorough investigation of the literature. I recommend that the paper in its current form be rejected but believe that it may be suitable for your journal after major revision.IntroductionThe Introduction has incorrectly cited [Brown et al. (1981.)] who actually showed that…MethodsFactors relevant to the choice of Methods are: 1) how old were the cultures that were used? 2) Does the age of the culture material affect the results?ResultsThe main claim by the authors that their Results showed that…is not correct. Their statement that the results show... needs correction.DiscussionRelevant references seem to have been overlooked in both the Introduction and Discussion sections, including…Other queries and suggestions are penciled on the manuscript.Yours sincerely,CD SmithLetter TwoFrom: Dr. AB Brown,Editor, Journal of...Dear Dr. Zhu,I enclose the referees’ reports on your paper entitled... The referees agree that the paper contains much good material. However, they have recommended that it needs considerable revision before it can be published. In particular, I draw to your attention the following comments by the referees.Referee 1:The Methods section does not give sufficient information, particularly about the sampling methods used.The results in Tables 1 and 2 are closely related and can be combined into a single table.The conclusion that there is a strong positive correlation between the number of organisms and soil salinity needs a stronger statistical basis.The results in Figure 3 are very preliminary—this really requires another survey. If this is not possible, the Figure should be deleted.Referee 2: There are inadequacies in the Methods section, as indicated on the typescriptThe Discussion is not well focused and does not include some important relevant publications, e.g. Jones et al. (2000). ‘...’ in the Journal of...The conclusion is interesting but can be greatly strengthened. In particular, the findings are different from those of Walter et al. (1997) in the Journal of…, a study done in the USA. The work in your paper is in fact the first study of its kind outside Europe and North America and this should be highlighted.There are other comments in the enclosed reports, and some corrections have been made to the English on the typescripts. If you can revise the paper along the lines suggested and resubmit by... then I will consider its accept ability for publication in the Journal without further reference to referees.However, additional refereeing may be necessary.I look forward to hearing from you.Yours sincerely,AB Brown36. By integrating Letter Two, we can figure out that the writer of Letter One is .37. According to Letter One, will the submitted paper be accepted?38. Two referees both agree that the Methods Section of the paper is .39. Different from Referee 1, Referee 2 also addressed some points to be highlighted in the Conclusion Section like .40. After finishing up the required revisions, the submitted paper will .

To great acclaim, Wang Ying-lai and his team at the Institute of Biochemistry in Shanghai announced, in 1965, that they had synthesized biologically active insulin. Similar research was being conducted in labs in the United States and across Europe, but Wang’s discovery was well in advance of his rivals, and ushered in a new era of synthetic proteins. This example, unfortunately, is the exception rather than the rule for Chinese science. China has a long way to go to be recognized as a leading scientific country, but rapid progress is being made.Modern scientific research did not begin in China until the early twentieth century. The founding of the Academia Sinica and its associated research institutes in 1928 signified its beginning, but its activity was seriously disrupted by intermittent wars and political turmoil. Science has had little chance to take hold.Now, given the soundness of the Chinese economy, the steady increase in the government’s funding for basic and applied research, and the general appreciation of the importance of scientific development, the time has come for China to make its presence felt on the international research stage.I have helped to build several academic programs in China during the past two decades, and I now believe that the remaining obstacles to Chinese research institutions achieving excellence are cultural rather than economic.Authority versus creativityThe Confucian tradition of respecting customs and hierarchy has cast a long shadow over modern China. Authoritarian rule and political conformity in the past decades have hampered the creation of an environment that fosters individual creativity. Deference to authority and to existing paradigms is a major barrier to scientific breakthrough.Science education in China is extensive and rigorous, and has won universal praise. But it takes more than this to cultivate scientists; students should be inspired to pursue knowledge itself, and a habit of raising questions needs to be fostered. Challenges to existing evidence, hypotheses and concepts, however I, ought to be encouraged and seriously addressed.Respect for authorities and the spirit of conformity leave their mark on the style of scientific research as well. Research programs in China often closely follow existing lines of research in the West, using similar paradigms. This often leads to competition at a disadvantage.Colleagues in China often complain that their results are not appreciated, whereas similar work performed in Western countries is published in high-profile journals.Strengthening the uniqueness of their work will increase its visibility, as will improving its presentation. At the Institute of Neuroscience in Shanghai, we give regular scientific-writing classes, using drafts of manuscripts to illustrate how to improve clarity and precision.These skills are important, but ultimately it is confidence and skill in attacking important problems at the forefront of science that will lead to major discoveries and international recognition.Critical scientific exchange is rarely seen in China, especially in public. Yet open and frank dialogue is urgently needed to make scientific conferences in China not just friendly gatherings but intellectual events that stimulate ideas. Undue courtesy may be indispensable for maintaining the Confucian order in a traditional Chinese family, but it is detrimental to research institutions. One way to overcome this might be for the organizers of scientific meetings to begin with the statement that critical or negative comments are to be taken as constructive inputs.The attitude towards critique is also relevant to the submission of scientific papers to international journals. Critical comments by referees may at first glance seem unfair or hostile. Researchers would benefit from a more positive approach: it is often useful to reflect upon the comments and then go back to the laboratory bench, rather than sending the paper immediately to a different journal without much improvement. For example, investigators from the Institute of Neuroscience have made great efforts to improve the quality of the work upon rejection of their papers, and this approach has been rewarded by a marked increase in the number of publications in high-quality journals in the past few years.31. The finding of Wang and his team is ______ that of other researchers around the world.32. What marked up the start of scientific research in China?33. According to the author, which mainly hinders Chinese scientists from individual creativity?34. For Chinese scientists, as this passage shows, which reason is not among the ones causing the low chances of publishing results internationally?35. Which type of attitude should writers take when reading critiques of peer reviews?

Apart from the Moon and occasional comets and asteroids, Venus is often our nearest neighbor. Its orbit brings it closer to Earth than any other planet—only 26 million miles away at certain times. Despite that proximity, for a long time it was generally termed “the planet of mystery.” This is because the atmosphere of Venus is so dense and so cloud-laded that its surface is permanently hidden from sight.The first attempt to learn more about Venus was to analyze its upper atmosphere using spectroscopic methods. In size and mass, Venus is almost the equal of Earth, and its gravitational field is only slightly weaker than ours, so that logically it might be expected to have the same kind of atmosphere—but this is emphatically not so. Scientists found that the main constituent of its atmosphere is carbon dioxide. Since this is a heavy gas that would be expected to sink, it was reasonable to assume that carbon dioxide made up most of the atmosphere down to ground level. Carbon dioxide acts in the manner of a greenhouse, trapping the Sun’s heat, so it followed that Venus was likely to be a very torrid sort of world.Yet opinions differed. According to one theory, the clouds contained a great deal of water. It was even claimed that the surface might be largely ocean covered, in which case: the atmosphere carbon dioxide would have fouled the water and produced seas of soda water. Another intriguing theory made Venus very similar to the Earth of over 200 million years ago. There would be marshes, luxuriant vegetation of the fern and horsetail variety, and primitive life-forms such as giant dragonflies. If so, then Venus might presumably evolve the same way Earth has done.In 1962 the American probe Mariner 2 bypassed Venus at less than 22,000 miles and gave us our first reliable information. The surface proved to be very hot indeed; we now know that the maximum temperature is almost 500°C. The atmosphere really is almost pure carbon dioxide, and those shining clouds are rich in sulfuric acid. All ideas of a pleasant, oceanic Venus had to be abandoned. In 1975 Venera 9, a Russian automatic lander, visited Venus and sent back pictures directly from the surface. The scene—a rocky, scorched landscape—could hardly be more hostile. Subsequent probes have confirmed this impression.Why is Venus so unlike Earth? The answer can only lie in its lesser distance from the Sun. It seems that in the early days of the solar system the Sun was less luminous than it is now, in which case Venus and Earth may have started to evolve along the same lines, but when the Sun became more powerful the whole situation changed. Earth, at 93 million miles, was just out of harm’s way, but Venus, at 67 million, was not. The water in oceans vaporized, the carbonates were driven out of the rocks, and in a relatively short time or the cosmic scale, Venus was transformed from a potentially life-bearing world into the inferno of today.25. The primary purpose of this passage is to .26. The statement “In size ... so” (bold in Paragraph 2) functions primarily to .27. The primary purpose of the third paragraph is to .28. In order for the hypothesis in “There would ... dragonflies” (bold in Paragraph 3) to be correct, which statement could NOT be true of conditions on Venus?29. The statement in “In 1962 … information” (bold in Paragraph 4) suggests that the .30. The tone of the statement in “The answer ... Sun” (bold in Paragraph 5) is best described as __.

It was no accident that nineteenth-century naturalist Charles Darwin strove to connect the mentality and emotionality of people with that of dogs, rather than, say, doves or horses. Neither his theory of evolution nor any general understanding of biology demanded that the preferentially underline our similarity to dogs over other species. But politically and emotionally, the choice was inevitable for an English gentleman who had set himself the task of making the idea of evolutionary continuity palatable. Darwin wrote that “dogs possess something very similar to a conscience. They certainly possess some power of self-command. ... Dogs have long been accepted as the very type of fidelity and obedience.”Darwin was not alone in his beliefs that dog possess human virtues. The characteristics of loyalty and obedience, coupled with an expressive face and body, can account for why dogs are such popular and valued pets in many cultures. Depending on the breed and the individual, dogs can be noble, charming, affectionate, and reliable. But while all dog owners should rightly appreciate these and other endearing traits in their pets, nothing says that the cleverness of a highly intelligent primate such as a chimpanzee is part of the package. Scientists generally believe the reasoning abilities of chimps to be considerably greater than that of dogs. But many people nonetheless believe that dogs are smarter than chimps precisely because of our familiarity and emotional ties with the dogs that we love. We apply the same secret rules to our fellow humans: the old in-group, out-group story. People in your in-group are those who are similar to you, either because they belong to the same organizations as you, or enjoy the same activities, or, and this is the kicker, because they are simply around more often. Dogs, because of their proximity to their owners, are definitely in. The intensity of our relationship with dogs causes us, quite naturally, to imbue them with high-level mental abilities, whether they have earned those extra intelligence points or not. We like them, so we think well of them.21. The author of this passage develops an argument by relying on .22. The phrase “It was no accident” implies that the author believes that Darwin .23. The italic “believe” in the middle of this passage most directly emphasize .24. This passage uses the word of “old” (in bold) to suggest that the “story” is .

Among the most popular books being written today are those which are usually (1) as science fiction. (2) of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. (3), some of the most successful films of recent years have been (4) science fiction stories.It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new (5) in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned (6) the presentation of some form of ideal society, a theme which is still often (7) in modern societies.Most of the (8) of science fiction, (9), have been written within the last one hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G Wells, to (10) just two well-known authors, have been translated into many languages.Modern science fiction writers don’t (11) about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technological developments (12) society and the human mind; or (13) imagining future worlds which are (14) of the world we live in now. (15) this their writing has obvious political undertones.(16) an age where science fact frequently overtakes science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep (17) scientific advances. Those who are (18) clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide valuable lesson on (19) to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology and come to (20) with a continually changing view of the world.

Directions: Study the following drawing and write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words. You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. (46) In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept.(47) Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. (48) Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. (49) Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them.” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The write, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. (50) Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Two typical German shepherds kept as pets in Europe consume more in a year than the average person living in Bangladesh, according to research by sustainability experts Brenda and Robert Vale of Victoria University in New Zealand. So are the world’s environmental ills really a result of the burgeoning number of humans on the planet—predicted to reach at least nine billion people by 2050? Or is it more due to the fact that although the human population has doubled in the past 50 years, we have increased our use of resources fourfold? After all, the roughly 40,000 attendees of the recent climate conference in Copenhagen produced more greenhouse gas emissions in just two weeks than 600,000 Ethiopians produce in a year. (41)As simply put by the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005: “Human activity is putting such strain on the natural functions of Earth that the ability of the planet’s ecosystems to sustain future generations can no longer be taken for granted.”And consumerism isn’t even delivering on its own promise- a better life. “Not only is consumer culture causing unprecedented environmental havoc, it is in many cases not delivering the well-being for human beings it is supposed to,” argued Christopher Flavin, president of the Worldwatch Institute during a press conference last week to release its new State of the World report, “Transforming Cultures: From Consumerism to Sustainability.” (42)What does he mean by a cultural shift? Well, for example, a change from current Western burial methods—injecting corpses with toxic chemicals, sealing them in expensive, non-degradable boxes that are then planted in cemeteries that maintain eternal greenness with fertilizers and pesticides—to burying loved ones in ways designed to heal families as well as the local environment (and ultimately turning these sites into natural reserves). “Two centuries of intentional cultivation of consumerism has led us to see it as perfectly natural to see ourselves primarily by what and how we consume,” argued Erik Assadourian, lead author of the report for Worldwatch, whether that be McDonald’s hamburgers or Hummer vehicles.(43) “It’s not a project out of whole new cloth,” argued report co-author and political scientist Michael Maniates of Allegheny College in Pennsylvania. “There are strong cultural elements that treasure things like frugality or thrift. We need to re-center conditions in culture that call out that within us that has been suppressed.”(44) “Consumerism is now spreading around the world,” Assadourian added, noting that China, among other things, has surpassed the U.S. as the largest market for new cars as well as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases. “Is this going to keep spreading? Or are countries going to start recognizing that this is not a good path?”At the same time, a cultural shift may already be under way, represented by efforts such as those in Ecuador to enshrine rights for “Mother Barth” in the country’s constitution or those at U.S.-based carpet manufacturer Interface to create a product that requires using nothing from the natural world that the natural world cannot replace.(45) But perhaps lust for the latest iteration of Apple merchandise can be replaced with what serial inventor Saul Griffiths calls the heirloom culture,” products that last for a lifetime or beyond. “In essence, the disposable life will be replaced by a sustainable one,” Assadourian said, “a world where machismo is not connected to the size of a car but the fact that you don’t have one at all.”In other words, it’s our consumer-driven economy, stupid. Oh, and the advertisers. “We are not stupid, we’re not ignorant, we don’t even necessarily have bad values with respect to the environment,” Maniates added. “We’re trying to do our best within cultural systems that elevate unsustainable choices.”Of course, at the same time, Worldwatch would like you to spend $19.95 for a paperback version of its report, or $9.95 for a PDF or electronic document for your (yet another gadget) Kindle. Switching away from a capitalist ethic of consumerism continues to be easier said than done.A. The kinds of changes in policy discussed at Copenhagen are also critical and, in fact, will go hand in hand with a cultural shift (from consumerism to sustainability.)B. Nor is this cultural ethic of consumerism confined to the developed world; developing countries are adopting it as an economic model.C. Therefore the Climate Conference in Copenhagen is essential for the world’s climate and UNFCCC is putting hard effort in making the meeting a success ending up with a Copenhagen Protocol to prevent global warming.D. Generally speaking, however, such efforts have been swamped throughout the world in a rising tide of consumerism, especially surrounding the latest electronic gadgets.E. The Worldwatch researchers identify six key institutions that must be changed to promote sustainability: education, business, media, government, social movements and cultural traditions.F. In fact, the world’s richest 500 million people produce 50 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions compared to the 6 percent produced by the world’s poorest 3 billion.

Read the following Research Funding Opportunities.Department of AgricultureAgriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program (AFRI)Deadline: varies by program areaSynopsis: The Food and Agricultural Science Enhancement (FASE) Grants component of this program includes funding for new investigators. A new investigator is defined as an individual who is beginning his/her career, does not have an extensive scientific publication record, and has less than four years postgraduate, career-track experience. The new investigator may not have received competitively awarded Federal research funds with the exception of pre- or postdoctoral research grants or USDA NRI or AFRI Seed Grants.Department of DefenseYoung Investigator Program, Office of Naval Research (YIP)Deadline: early JanuarySynopsis: The program supports academic scientists and engineers who have received Ph.D. or equivalent degrees within the last six years. The objectives are to attract outstanding faculty members to the Department of the Navy’s research program, to support their research, and to encourage their teaching and research careers. Proposals may request up to $170,000 per year for three years. ONR research areas are available here.New Investigator Awards, Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP)Deadline: varies by programSynopsis: Funding program areas vary and may include: Food Allergies, Lung Cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, Peer Reviewed Cancer, Orthopaedic, Spinal Cord Injury, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Autism, Bone Marrow Failure, Breast Cancer, Deployment Related Medical, Gulf War Illness, Minority & Underserved Populations, Neurofibromatosis, Ovarian Cancer, Peer Reviewed Medical, Prostate Cancer, Psychological Health/Traumatic Brain Injury, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Some of these program areas, such as Peer Reviewed Cancer, Prostate Cancer, and Traumatic Brain Injury have included New Investigator Awards.Department of EnergyOutstanding Junior Investigator Program, Office of Nuclear Physics (OJIP)Deadline: September or October for letter of intent, November or December for applicationSynopsis: Applications should be from tenure-track faculty who are currently involved in experimental or theoretical nuclear physics research and teaching, the U.S. Nuclear Data Program or accelerator physics research and teaching related to nuclear physics projects. Applicants must be no more than ten years beyond the Ph.D. at the deadline for the application.Plasma Physics Junior Faculty Award Program, Fusion Energy Sciences Program (FESP)Deadline: August or September (program cancelled for FY 2010)Synopsis: Applications in any area of basic plasma physics research are welcomed and encouraged. The proposed research must focus on fundamental plasma physics issues, as opposed to applications of plasma physics.National Science FoundationFaculty Early Career Development (FECD) Program, NSFDeadline: JulySynopsis: The intent of the program is to provide stable support at a sufficient level and duration to enable awardees to develop careers as outstanding researchers and educators who effectively integrate teaching, learning and discovery. The minimum FECD award size is $140,000 for a ten-year period for all directorates except BIO. For proposals submitted to the BIO directorate, the minimum award size is $500,000 over five years.Research Initiation Grants to Broaden Participation in Biology (RIG BP), NSF Directorate for Biological SciencesDeadline: second Monday in JanuarySynopsis: These grants are intended to increase the diversity of researchers who apply for and receive BIO funding to initiate research programs early in their careers. Currently, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are under-represented in biology.36. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?37. Who is eligible for OJIP?38. Of all the programs, which one offers the longest and thus largest award?39. We learn that RIG BP is designed for the purpose of ______.40. What is the common feature of all the above programs?

A sense of smell is something we are born with. Or is it?Until recently scientists believed that the commonsense view was wrong: research had suggested that we learn to distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant smells by experience. From early experiments that involved asking children between three and five years old what they thought of certain smells, researchers concluded that children must learn their appreciation of pleasant and unpleasant smells as they get older, rather than being born with it. One of the most surprising results of these tests was that the children said they liked the smell of faeces nearly as often as they said they liked banana.Psychologist Hilary Schmidt understandably found this research hard to accept. She looked at the way the tests were conducted, and applied lessons from other work on child psychology to design her own experiments. She noted that children younger than five will often answer ‘Yes’ to leading questions even if the answers are contradictory. She therefore decided to set her experiment up as a game. She asked the children if they would give a particular smelly thing to Oscar the Grouch, a popular television character who lives in a dustbin and likes ‘smelly’ things, or to Big Bird, another television character who likes ‘nice’ things. She found that the children distinguished between pleasant and unpleasant smells in much the same way as an adult. With the help of younger and younger subjects, she hopes to shed light on the importance of the inherited component of the sense.Children younger than seven or eight are notoriously bad at recognizing what an object is from its shape alone. Schmidt points to an experiment she has carried out with children under five who were given a large styrofoam ball and a small, but heavy, lead ball to compare. After they had a chance to feel the two, she took the balls away, and showed them another pair of Styrofoam and lead ball. When she asked them which of the two would be the heavier, they invariably pointed to the Styrofoam ball just because it was bigger. Despite their earlier experience, they had not grasped the idea of what an object is made of—its substance—as well as size and shape. But in other experiments when she introduced odors, she found that children under five understood that smell was an important characteristic of substance, and children could use a scent to recognize substance irrespective of the shape or size in which it was presented to them.Schmidt has also found that girls are more sensitive to smell than boys. The sex difference is well known in adults, but not in children. Explaining the difference in adults has centered on the suggestion that as girls get older, they tend to take part in activities such as cooking, which train them to distinguish between smells. Another suggestion was that after puberty, female hormones bring about some change in the olfactory equipment. But Schmidt’s observations that the sex difference exists in children does not fit in with either explanation.31. According to the text, it is well-known that our sense of smell is .32. Which would Hilary Schmidt most probably agree to?33. Schmidt’s styrofoam and lead ball experiment shows that younger children .34. The word “subjects” (Para. 3) most probably means .35. From the last sentence of the text, we can infer that Schmidt may .

We have all heard that people favor their own kind and discriminate against out-groups—but that is a simplistic view of prejudice, says Amy Cuddy, a professor at Princeton who studies how we judge others. In recent years, she and psychologist Susan Fiske have developed a powerful new model. All over the world, it turns out, people judge others on two main qualities: warmth (whether they are friendly and well intentioned) and competence (whether they have the ability to deliver on those intentions). A growing number of psychological researchers are turning their focus to this rubric, refining it and looking for ways in which we can put this new understanding of first impressions to use.When we meet a person, we immediately unconsciously assess him or her for both warmth and competence. Whereas we obviously admire and help people who are both warm and competent and feel and act contemptuously toward the cold and incompetent, we respond ambivalently toward the other blends. People who are judged as competent but cold—including those in stereotyped groups such as Jews and the wealthy—provoke envy and a desire to harm, as violence against these groups has often shown. And people usually seen as warm but incompetent, such as mothers and the elderly, elicit pity and benign neglect.New research is revealing that these split-second judgments are often wrong, however, because they rely on crude stereotypes and other mental shortcuts. Last year Susan Fiske’s team published studies showing how we jump to conclusions about people’s competence based on their warmth, and vice versa. When the researchers showed participant’s facts about two groups of people, one warm and one cold, the participants tended to assume that the warm group was less competent than the cold group; likewise, if participants knew one group to be competent and the other not, they asked questions whose answers confirmed their expectation that the first group was cold and the second warm. The upshot: “Your gain on one trait, can be your loss on the other,” says Fiske.This “compensation effect,” which occurs when we compare people rather than evaluating each one separately, runs counter to the well-known halo effect, in which someone scoring high on one quality gets higher ratings on other traits. But both effects are among several mistakes people often make in inferring warmth and competence. We see high-status individuals as competent even if their status was an accident of birth. And when we judge warmth, rivalry plays a role: “If someone is competing with you, you assume they’re a bad person,” Cuddy says.The good news is that if you belong to a stereotyped group or otherwise know how people see you, you can try changing your image. A competent politician who strikes the public as cold, for example, can draw on his warmth reserves to better connect with voters. After all, Cuddy points out, “Everybody comes across as warm or competent in some area of their lives.”26. According to Amy Cuddy, people’s first impressions are actually .27. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?28. In Fiske’s opinion, because of the “compensation effect”, it is .29. The good side of the stereotyped judgment of a person may be __.30. What is Cuddy’s attitude toward the stereotyped judgment of a person?

Mother Nature has outpaced science once again: the bare human foot is better for running than one cushioned by shoes. What about those $125 hi-tech running shoes with 648 custom combinations? Toss them, according to a new study published in Nature.“Most people today think barefoot running is dangerous and hurts,” Daniel Lieberman, a professor at Harvard, said in a prepared statement. “But actually you can run barefoot on the world’s hardest surfaces without the slightest discomfort and pain... It might be less injurious than the way some people run in shoes.”Lieberman used 3-D infrared tracking to study the strike style of three groups of runners: people who had always run barefoot, people who had always run with shoes, and people who had switched from shoe to shoeless.They found that when runners lace up their modern running shoes and take off, about 80 percent land heel-first. Barefoot runners—as Homo sapiens had evolved to be—usually land toward the middle or front of the foot.Without shoes, landing on the heel is painful and can translate into a collision force some 1.5 to 3 times body weight. “Barefoot runners point their toes more at landing,” which helps lessen the impact by “decreasing the effective mass of the foot that comes to a sudden stop when you land,” Madhusudhan V enkadesan, an applied mathematics postdoctoral researcher who also worked on the study, said in a statement. But as cushioned kicks have hit the streets, that initial pain has disappeared, and runners have changed their stride, leading to a way of high-impact running that human physiology wasn’t evolved for—one that the researchers posit can lead to a host of foot and leg injuries.Perhaps it should come as no surprise that our bodies are still better engineered than those hi-tech trainers. When taking into account our ancient ancestors, “humans have engaged in endurance running for millions of years,” the researchers wrote in their study. “But the modern running shoe was not invented until the 1970s.”Despite the growing movement of barefoot runners, many researchers are calling for more evaluation before all those sweaty shoes are abandoned. “There is no hard proof that running in shoes...causes injuries,” William Jungers, a professor at Stony Brook University, wrote in a commentary that accompanies the new study. But, he asserted, “in my view there is no compelling evidence that it prevents them either.” And, as a boost to the barefoot argument, he added, “there are data that implicate shoes more generally as a plausible source of some types of chronic foot problems.”21. By “Mother Nature has outpaced science once again”, the author may mean that .22. To which of the following can the phrase “Homo sapiens” (Para. 4) be most probably associated?23. Why do barefoot runners tend to point their toes more at landing?24. What is William Jungers’ attitude toward barefoot running?25. The best title for this text may be .

Everyone in Australia is in agreement that the cane toads have got to go. The problem is (1) them. Cane toads, properly known as Bufo marinus, are the most (2) of what are called invasive species in Australia and beyond. But (3) other species of the same classification, cane toads were (4) introduced into Australia. The country simply got much more and much (5) than it bargained for.(6) 1935, Australia did not have any toad species of its own. What the county did have, (7), was a major beetle problem. Two species of beetles in (8), French’s Cane Beetle and the Greyback Cane Beetle, were in the (9) of destroying the northeastern state of Queenland’s sugar cane crops. The beetle’s larvae were eating the roots of the sugar cane and (10), if not killing, the plants. The anticipated (11) to this quickly escalating problem came in the (12) of the cane toad. After first hearing about the amphibians in 1933 at a conference in the Caribbean, growers successfully lobbied to have the cane toads (13) to battle and hopefully destroy the beetles and save the crops.The (14) backfired completely and absolutely. As it turns (15), cane toads do not jump very high, only about two feet actually, (16) they did not eat the beetles that for the most part lived in the (17) stalks of cane plants. Instead of going (18) the beetles, as the growers had planned, the cane toads began eating everything else in (19) —insects, bird’s eggs and even native frogs. And (20) the toads are poisonous, they began to kill would-be predators. The toll on native species has been immense.

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