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Directions: Carefully read the following passage and write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words. You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content, logic, style and language. (30 points)Food safety is a growing concern for the general public and central government of China. Melamine contaminated baby, formula, exploding watermelons, cadmium-laced rice, rat meat passed off as mutton—these are just some of the food scares that Chinese consumers have been exposed to in recent years.Adapted from ABC, “Chinese hunger for safe food drives markets”Why is China having such trouble making its food safe? An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Collaborations: The rise of research networksA fundamental shift is taking place in the geography of science. Networks of research collaboration are expanding in every region of the globe. (46) The established science superpowers of the United States and Europe have dominated the research world since 1945. Yet this Atlantic axis is unlikely to be the main focus of research by 2045. Or perhaps even by 2020.(47) New regional networks are reinforcing the competence and capacity of emerging research economies, and changing the global balance of research activity. This may well reveal different ways of approaching challenges, and solutions that are different to those of Western institutions. If the science superpowers are to avoid being left behind, they will need to step out of their comfort zones to keep up with the dynamism of the new players in this shifting landscape.(48) Collaboration is normally a good thing from a wider public perspective. Knowledge is better transferred and combined by collaboration, and co-authored papers tend to be cited more frequently. But could increased global collaboration mean a blending of objectives that risks leaving bland priorities?Co-authorship is a valid proxy for collaboration because few scientists surrender credit for their papers lightly, so we can assume that sharing of authorship reflects a tangible engagement. (49) Such publication data are readily available, cover many countries and research disciplines to a good depth, and have reasonable consistency across decades. Changes in the balance of research done by the lone scientist and that done by teams can be seen in co-authorship data. Co-authorship has been increasing inexorably. Recently it has exploded.(50) An issue of Nature today has a similar number of Letters to one from 60 years ago, but at least four times more authors. Similar observations have been documented from clinical science to law. In the early 1980s, papers with more than 100 authors were rare. By 1990, the annual tally with that number exceeded 500—and it has kept growing. The first paper with 1,000 authors was published in 2004; a paper with 3,000 authors came in 2008. By last year, a total of 120 physics papers had more than 1,000 authors and 44 had more than 3,000. Many of these are from collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Europe’s particle-physics lab near Geneva, Switzerland.

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is| one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Ghost shipsAutonomous cargo vessels could set sail without a crew under the watchful eye of captains in shore-based simulatorsMilitary drones already fly frequent missions and civilian operations using unmanned aircraft are coming. Driverless cars are clocking up thousands of test miles. (41) Indeed, the maritime industry has started to think about what would be required to launch a latter-day Marie C deste.(42) The bridges of some modern vessels are now more likely to contain computer screens and joysticks than engine telegraphs and a giant ship’s wheel. The latest supply ships serving the offshore oil and gas industry in the North Sea, for instance, use dynamic positioning systems which collect data from satellites, gyrocompasses, and wind and motion sensors to automatically hold their position when transferring cargo (also done by remote control) to and from platforms, even in the heaviest of swells.(43) As in the air and on the road, robust control systems will be needed to conform to existing regulations.The maritime industry is interested in crewless ships for two reasons. The first is safety. Most accidents at sea are the result of human error, just as they are in cars and planes. (44)The second reason is, of course, cost. It is becoming increasingly difficult to sign up competent crew prepared to spend months away at sea. Moreover, some voyages are likely to get even longer for ships carrying non-urgent cargo. By some accounts, a 30% reduction in speed by a bulk carrier can save around 50% in fuel. (45) Removing the crew, though, also removes the need for their accommodation and its associated equipment, like heating and plumbing. And that provides room to carry more cargo.A. Ships, like aircraft and cars, are increasingly controlled by electronic systems, which makes automation easier.B. So, if human operators are replaced by sophisticated sensors and computer systems, autonomous vessels should, in theory, make shipping safer.C. So why not let remote-controlled ships set sail without a crew?D. Something similar is being proposed for autonomous civil drones, with ground-based pilots responding to communications and air-traffic control instructions as if they were in the cockpit.E. This means slower steaming could provide big savings in fuel costs, but it would be at the expense of increased expenditure on crew for these longer voyages, both in wages and for the “hotel” facilities required on board.F. However, as is also the case with pilotless aircraft and driverless cars, it is not so much a technological challenge that has to be overcome before autonomous ships can set sail, but regulatory and safety concerns.

No matter how many times you have seen images of the golden mask of boyking Tutankhamen, come face to face with it in Egypt’s Cairo museum, and you will suck in your breath.It was on Nov 4, 1923, that British archaeologist Howard Carter stumbled on a stone at the base of the tomb of another pharaoh in Luxor that eventually led to a sealed doorway.Then, on Nov 23, Carter found a second door and when he stuck his head through it, what he saw was to stun the world. Inside lay the great stone coffin, enclosing three chests of gilded wood.A few months later, when a crane lifted its granite cover and one coffin after another was removed, Carter found a solid block of gold weighing 1 10kg. In it was the mummy of the 19-year-old Tutankhamen, covered in gold with that splendid funeral mask. And all this lay buried for more than 3,000 years.Months after my trip to Egypt, I can relive the rush of emotion I felt and sense the hush that descended on the crammed Cairo Museum’s Tutankhamen gallery.Cairo, a dusty city of 20 million people, is a place where time seems to both stand still and rush into utter chaos. It is a place where the ancient and contemporary happily go along on parallel tracks.Take the Great Pyramids of Giza, sitting on the western edge of the city. Even as the setting sun silhouettes these gigantic structures against the great desert expanse, a call for prayer floats over semi-finished apartment blocks filled with the activity of city life.While careful planning for the afterlife may lie buried underground in Cairo, it is noise and confusion on the streets. Donkey carts battle for space with pedestrians and the only operative road rule is “Might is right.” But it is a city that is full of life—from the small roadside restaurants to the coffee shops where men and women smoke the shisha. Donkey carts piled high with flat-breads magically find their way in and out the maddening traffic; young women in long skirts and headscarves hold hands with young men in open collar shirts, while conversations dwell on Kuwait’s chances at the soccer World Cup.36. According to the context, “suck in your breath” means “feel a sense of ______”.37. Which of the following statements about the discovery of the mummy is INCORRECT?38. Which word CANNOT be used to describe the city of Cairo?39. Which pair of words/phrases indicates contrast?40. What is the author’s attitude towards Cairo?

Resale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies. This practice is associated with the sale of “branded” goods, which now form a very considerable proportion of consumers’ purchases, and it has led to a great deal of controversy.Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers, who try to create a special “image” in the minds of possible purchasers—an image made up of the look of the article, its use, its price, and everything else which might lead purchasers to ask for that brand rather than any other. If a retailer is allowed to charge any price he likes, he may find it worthwhile to sell one brand at “cut” prices even though this involves a loss, because he hopes to attract customers to the shop, where they may be persuaded to buy many other types of goods at higher prices. The manufacturer of the brand that has been “cut” fears that the retailer may be tempted to reduce the services on this article; but, even if he does not there is a danger that the customer becomes unsettled, and is unwilling to pay the “standard” price of the article because he feels that he is being “done”. This may, and indeed often does, affect the reputation of the manufacturer and lose him his market in the long run.It is sometimes said also that the housewife—who is the principal buyer of most of these goods— prefers a fixed price because she knows where she is and is saved the bother of going from shop to shop in search of lower prices. If one shop cut all the prices of its branded goods she would undoubtedly have an advantage in shopping there. But this does not happen. A store usually lowers the price of one or two of its articles which act as a decoy and makes up its losses on others, and changes the cut-price articles from week to week so as to attract different groups of customers. And so the housewife may feel rather guilty if she does not spend time tracking down the cheaper goods. How far this is true is a matter of temperament and it is impossible to estimate what proportion of purchasers prefer a price that they can rely on wherever they choose to buy and what proportion enjoy the challenge involved in finding the store that offers them a bargain.Those who oppose Resale Price Maintenance on the other hand, point out that there are now a great many different channels of distribution-chain stores, department stores, co-operative stores, independent or unit shops, supermarkets, mail-order houses, and so on. It would be absurd to assume that all of them have exactly the same costs to meet in stocking and selling their goods, so why should they all sell at the same price? If they were allowed to choose for themselves, the more efficient retailers would sell at lower prices and consumers would benefit. As it is, the retail price must be sufficient to cover the costs of the less efficient avenues of distribution and this means the others make a bigger profit than necessary at the expense of the public. The supporters of the fixed price argue that this is only half the story. The efficient trader can still compete without lowering his prices. He can offer better service—long credit, or quick delivery or a pleasant shop decor or helpful assistants—and can do this without imperiling the long-term interests of the manufacturer.31. Manufactures oppose retailers cutting prices on their goods mainly because they think .32. Supporters of the fixed price hold that an efficient trader can still make money without lowering prices by .33. By saying “He feels that he is being ‘done’”, the author means that customer thinks .34. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?35. The sentence “She knows where she is” in the third paragraph can be paraphrased as .

Democritus was fascinated by the question of what principle underlay the material universe and developed a solution that revealed the brilliance of his thought. Every material thing, Democritus believed, is made up of a finite number of discrete particles, or atoms, as he called them, whose joining together and subsequent separation account for the coming to be of things and for their passing away. The atoms themselves, he said, are infinite in number and eternal. They move, according to a necessary motion, in the void, which we would call space.Most of the main tenets of the atomism of Democritus were astonishingly modern. First, the atoms were invisibly small. They were all of the same stuff, or nature, but they came in a multitude of different shapes and sizes. Though impermeable (Democritus did not know that atoms could be split), they acted upon one another, aggregating and clinging to one another so as to produce the great variety of bodies that we see. The space outside the atoms was empty, a concept that most of Democritus’ contemporaries could not accept.Second, the atoms were in perpetual motion, in every direction, throughout empty space. There is no above or below, before or behind, in empty space, said Democritus. In modern terms, empty space did not vary according to direction. This was an extremely sophisticated notion.Third, the continual motion of the atoms was inherent. They possessed what would call inertial mass. The notion that the atoms kept on moving without being pushed, besides being another remarkable intellectual concept, was not acceptable to Aristotle and others. Only the celestial bodies, Aristotle thought, kept on moving of any by themselves, because they were divine. The general refusal by Aristotle and his influential followers to accept the law of inertia stood as an obstacle to the development of physics for two thousand years.Fourth, weight or gravity was not a property of atoms or indeed of aggregates thereof. Here Democritus was as wrong as wrong could be.Whether Democritus was right or wrong about a fifth point is not definitely decided to this day. He held that the soul is breath and because breath is material, and therefore made up of atoms, so must the soul be. He maintained that, because the soul is a physical thing, it must be determined by physical laws; it cannot be free. Even the hardy thinkers who claim to accept this theory do not act as if they do. They may deny the innate freedom of others, but they act as if they believe in their own.The tension built up by this antinomy has proved to be fruitful over the centuries. However, the notion that the soul was material proved so unacceptable to both the Aristotelians and the Christians that for nearly two millennia the atomic hypothesis languished.26. According to Democritus, empty space .27. The author discusses the beliefs of Aristotle and his followers (in Paragraph 4) in order to .28. It can be inferred from Democritus’ inclusion of the soul in his theories of the material universe (in Paragraph 6) that __.29. Democritus would most likely believe that which of the following would explain the life cycle of a flower?30. Which is mot analogous to a “hardy thinkers” (in Paragraph 6) view of the soul?

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a huge number of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from one tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals the supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.21. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy?22. The word “they” (in Paragraph 1) refers to .23. The word “typify” (in Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to .24. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?25. Which of the following questions does the passage answer?

The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became (1) in a variety of aerobic activities and (2) thousands of health spas (3) around the country to capitalize on this (4) interest in fitness particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed (5) to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However their (6) was not on aerobics, but (7) on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, (8), and endurance in their primarily male (9). These fitness spas did not seem to benefit (10) from the aerobic fitness movement to better health since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs (11) few if (12), health benefits. In recent years however weight training has again become increasingly (13) for males and for females. Many (14) programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.(15), most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance not for health-related reasons, but (16) such fitness components have been related to (17) in athletics. (18), in recent years evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health (19) as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now (20) that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.

Directions: Carefully read the following passage and write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words. You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content, logic, style and language. (30 points)The biggest difference between people who succeed at any difficult undertaking and those who do not is not ability but persistence. Many extremely talented people give up when obstacles arise. After all, who wants to face failure? It is often said about highly successful people that they are just ordinary individuals who kept on trying, who did not give up.Adapted from Tom Morris, “True Success: A New Philosophy of Excellence”Is persistence more important than ability in determining a person’s success? An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(46) The UK is among nine countries lobbying Brussels to ease proposed rules on data protection—in a move that will come as a relief to US technology companies including Google and Facebook which have been increasingly concerned about potential effects on their business.The US government has also lobbied the European commission not to toughen the rules, arguing that it would specifically hinder American companies through its proposed swingeing fines for data breaches, which could have been up to 2% of global turnover.The UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office is suggesting that individual countries should be given more leeway to interpret the law as appropriate, using a “risk-based” approach. “If you have a butcher whose data processing only affects 20 local people, you need to be able to treat an infringement there differently from a company with private health records,” said a spokesperson for the ICO. Other countries including Germany, Sweden and Belgium have made similar objections.The EC had planned to have a timetable for the new rules by June. (47) However it could take years before the rules are finalized and implemented.(48) The EC’s aim is to create a unified set of privacy standards for all 27 countries in the EU, and iron out national variations that have led to some confusion. They would also make it easier for companies whose principal focus is processing data to operate—for example by dropping the requirement for a named data protection officer.The FT reports that a memo drafted by the Irish presidency, representing EU countries, admits that “several member states have voiced their disagreement with the level of prescriptiveness of a number of the proposed obligations in the draft regulation.”One of the most controversial ideas being put forward is a “right to be forgotten”, proposed by the EC justice commissioner, Viviane Reding. (49) She unveiled the idea in January 2012, suggested that people should be able to demand that data about them is deleted from companies’ data stores unless there were “legitimate” grounds to retain it.(50) Google in particular has lobbied fiercely against that idea, on the basis that it would disrupt its stores of data and create holes in what is in effect a historical record. Reding’s team argued that it was necessary in order to let teenagers and young adults control how they would be viewed as they matured—so that embarrassing acts that would never have been heard about before the internet would not become widely known and in effect stay with them through their lives. But the deletion requests would not have applied to medical or police records.

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Population ChangingAs Gilbert White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. (41) The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different populations makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.(42) These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have “density-dependent” growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density. These rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.The dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. (43) No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages. If there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound. Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem important. (44)In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while density-dependent effects act to produce “nose” in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effect described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. (45) But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.A. It is sometimes possible to infer the existence of a density-independent factor controlling population growth without understanding its causative mechanism.B. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run.C. However, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.D. To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups.E. For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise.F. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.

Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played (exactly as written) on the piano. A strong analogy exists between European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edvard Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States. Composers like Scott Joplin and James Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags.It has sometimes been charged that ragtime is mechanical. For instance, Wilfred Mellers comments “rags were transferred to the Pianola roll and even if not played by a machine, should be played like a machine, with meticulous precision.” However, there is no reason to assume that ragtime is inherently mechanical simply because commercial manufacturers applied a mechanical recording method to ragtime, the only way to record pianos at that date. Ragtime’s is not a mechanical precision, and it is not precision limited to the style of performance, it arises from ragtime’s following a well-defined form and obeying simple rules within that form.The classic formula for the piano rag disposes three to five themes in sixteen-bar strains, often organized with repeats. The rag opens with a bright memorable strain or theme, followed by a similar theme, leading to a trio of marked lyrical character, with the structure concluded by a lyrical strain that parallels the rhythmic developments of the earlier themes. The aim of the structure is to rise from one theme to another in a stair-step manner, ending on a note of triumph or exhilaration. Typically each strain is divided into two 8-bar segments that are essentially alike, so the rhythmic-melodic unit of ragtime is only eight bars of 2/4 measure. Therefore, themes must be brief with clear, sharp melodic figures. Not concerned with development of musical themes, the ragtime composer instead sets a theme down intact in finished form, and links it to various related themes. Tension in ragtime compositions arises from a polarity between two basic ingredients: a continuous bass called by jazz musicians a boom—chick bass—in the pianist’s left hand and its melodic syncopated counterpart in the right hand.Ragtime remains distinct from jazz both as an institutional style and as a genre. Ragtime style stresses a pattern of repeated rhythms, not the constant inventions and variations of Jazz. As a genre ragtime requires strict attention of structure, not inventiveness or virtuosity. It exists as a tradition, a set of conventions, a body of written scores, separate from the individual players associated with it. In this sense ragtime is more akin to folk music of the nineteenth century than to jazz.36. According to Paragraph 1, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Anton Dvorak, and Scott Joplin are similar in that they all .37. The word “inherently” in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by .38. According to Paragraph 3, all the following are what the ragtime composer most concerned with EXCEPT .39. According to Paragraph 4, what are the main differences between ragtime and jazz?40. It can inferred that the author of the passage believes that the most important feature of ragtime music is its .

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises. Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.31. The primary purpose of the passage is to .32. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have .33. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to .34. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (in Paragraph 1) are .35. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (in Paragraph 2) was substantial?

Before 1965 many scientists pictured the circulation of the ocean’s water mass as consisting of large, slow-moving currents, such as the Gulf Stream. That view, based on 100 years of observations made around the globe, produced only a rough approximation of the true circulation. But in the 1950’s and the 1960’s, researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment, including subsurface floats that move with ocean currents and emit identification signals, and ocean-current meters that record data for months at fixed locations in the ocean. These instruments disclosed an unexpected level of variability in the deep ocean. Rather than being characterized by smooth, large-scale currents that change seasonally (if at all), the seas are dominated by what oceanographers call mesoscale fields; fluctuating, energetic flows whose velocity can reach ten times the mean velocity of the major currents.Mesoscale phenomena—the oceanic analogue of weather systems-often extend to distances of 100 kilometers and persist for 100 days (weather systems generally extend about 1,000 kilometers and last 3 to 5 days in any given area). More than 90 percent of the kinetic energy of the entire ocean may be accounted for mesoscale variability rather than by large-scale currents. Mesoscale phenomena may, in fact, play a significant role in oceanic mixing, air-sea interactions, and occasional but far-reaching climatic events such as EI Nino, the atmospheric-oceanic disturbance in the equatorial Pacific that affects global weather patterns.Unfortunately, it is not feasible to use conventional techniques to measure mesoscale fields. To measure them properly, monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers, with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months. Because using these techniques would be prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, it was proposed in 1979 that tomography be adopted to measure the physical properties of the ocean. In medical tomography X-rays map the human body’s density variations (and hence internal organs); the information from the X-rays, transmitted through the body along many different paths, is recombined to form three-dimensional images of the body’s interior. It is primarily this multiplicative increase in data obtained from the multipath transmission of signals that accounts for oceanographer’s attraction to tomography; it allows the measurement of vast areas with relatively few instruments. Researchers reasoned that low-frequency sound waves, because they are so well described mathematically and because even small perturbations in emitted sound waves can be detected, could be transmitted through the ocean over many, different paths and that the properties of the ocean’s interior—its temperature, salinity, density, and speed of currents—could be deduced on the basis of how the ocean altered the signals. Their initial trials were highly successful, and ocean acoustic tomography was born.26. According to the passage, scientist are able to use ocean acoustic tomography to deduce the properties of the ocean’s interior in part because ______.27. Which of the following is most similar to medical tomography as it is described in the passage?28. The author mentions EI Nino primarily in order to emphasize which of the following points?29. Which of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?30. The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if the ocean’s circulation consisted primarily of large, slow-moving currents?

California is America’s land of big dreams, the Eldorado at the continent’s edge. From the days of European discovery to the present, it has been portrayed as a paradise of possibility and transformation, a place to make a “fresh start—in the gold fields, the vineyards, the studio lots—and break freedom from bad weather, bad reputations, and social and economic oppression. The call was irresistible and universal. As a result, in a nation drawn from diverse cultures, California may be the most culturally diverse of all, claiming not only European, Native, and Pan-American roots but close ties to the Far East as well.Even before the tides of immigration that helped shape California’s last two centuries, this was a place of stunning variety and contradiction. In fact, it’s been observed more than a few times that, geographically speaking, California is not one state but many: dry and wet, mountains and flat, densely populated and virtually empty. The state’s 1,110 miles of coastline include broad swimming beaches and windswept, rock–strewn palisades. Lush orchards, ancient redwoods, palm oases and desert sagebrush all coexist with California’s six life zones, from Lower Sonoran to Alpine.As a Spanish colony, California has two provinces: Alta (upper) and Baja (lower). Today, with Baja California attached to Mexico a lingering historical schism separates northern California from southern. When Los Angeles was still a sleepy Mexican village, San Francisco was a sophisticated, bustling metropolis; by the late 20th century they had switched roles, Los Angeles was a world-class large city with a population of three and a half million and an area of 465 square miles, far outstripping San Francisco, which in recent times has traded heavily on its quaintness and tourist appeal. Deep political and cultural antagonisms continue to define and divide north and south. Not least of these is a nearly century-old struggle over control of the state’s precious water, which tends to pit recreation-and-conservation-minded northern Californians against development and agribusiness interests in the south state and Central Valley.Still, for an outsider, the unifying themes stand out. Compared even with other Western states, California represents an optimistic face toward the future—the place where trends first get sampled and prepared for worldwide spread via the state’s well-tooled entertainment industry. California’s arts, commerce, and culture all reflect this spirit of aspiration, innovation, and redemption.But sunny optimism is only one of California’s themes. Another current is dark and dramatic: mining claims that don’t pan out, earthquakes that mock the performance of human endeavor, economic booms that go bust. During the latter half of the 20th century, many artists and writers have explored this dark side of the California dream, exposing the shadows behind the sunshine.Still, for a number of reasons, California dreaming persists. However many hopes are dashed, the sense of possibility remains strong for each new generation, each new immigrant group that reaches California soil. “Were one to seek a working definition of the California dream.” suggests historian Kevin.21. California is quite rich in cultural diversity in that it has .22. It is that leads to the saying that California is not one state but many.23. What is the significance of California’s entertainment industry?24. According to author, California’s charm lies in the fact that __.25. What is the tone of the author in the passage?

Many people invest in the stock market hoping to find the next Microsoft and Dell. However, I know (1) personal experience how difficult this really is. For more than a year, I was (2) hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars a day in investing in the market. It seemed so easy, I dreamed of (3) my job at the end of the year, of buying a small apartment in Paris, of traveling around the world. But these dreams (4) to a sudden and dramatic end when a stock I (5), Texas cellular phone wholesaler, fell by more than 75 percent (6) a one year period. On the (7) day, it plunged by more than $15 a share. There was a rumor that the company was (8) sales figures. That was when I learned how quickly Wall Street (9) companies that, in one way or another, misinterpret (10).In a (11), I sold all my stocks in the company, (12) margin debt with cash advances from (13) card. Because I owned so many shares, I (14) a small fortune, half of it from money I borrowed from the brokerage company. One month, I am a (15), the next, a loser. This one big loss was my first lesson in the market.My father was a stockbroker, as was my grandfather (16) him. (In fact, he founded one of Chicago’s earliest brokerage firms.) But like so many things in life, we don’t learn anything until we (17) it for ourselves. The only way to really understand the inner (18) of the stock market is to invest your own hard-earned money. When all your stocks are doing (19) and you feel like a winner, you learn very little. It’s when all are losing and everyone is questioning your stock picking (20) that you find out if you have what it takes to invest in the market.

Directions: Carefully read the following passage and write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words. You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content, logic, style and language. (30 points)People today have so many choices. For instance, thirty years ago most television viewers could choose from only a few charnels; today there are more than a hundred channels available. And choices do not just abound when it comes to the media. People have more options in almost every area of life. With so much to choose from, how can we not be happy?Does having a large number of options to choose from make people happy? An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Another field in which technological advances have spurred global social change is biotechnology. Sex selection of fetuses, genetically engineered organisms, cloning of sheep and cows—these have been among the significant yet controversial scientific advances in the field of biotechnology in recent years. George Ritzer’s concept of McDonaldization applies to the entire area of biotechnology. (46) Just as the fast-food concept has permeated society, no phase of life now seems exempt from therapeutic or medical intervention. In fact, sociologists view many aspects of biotechnology as an extension of the recent trend toward the medicalization of society. Through genetic manipulation, the medical profession is expanding its turf still further (Clarke et al. 2003).Today’s biotechnology holds itself out as totally beneficial to human beings, but it is in constant need of monitoring. (47) As we will see, biotechnological advances have raised many difficult ethical and political questions, among them the desirability of tinkering with the gene pool, which could alter our environment in unexpected and unwanted ways (D. Weinstein and Weinstein 1999).One startling biotechnological advance is the possibility of altering human behavior through genetic engineering. Fish and plant genes have already been mixed to create frost-resistant potato and tomato crops. More recently, human genes have been implanted in pigs to provide humanlike kidneys for organ transplants.One of the latest developments in genetic engineering is gene therapy. (48) Geneticists working with mouse fetuses have managed to disable genes that carry an undesirable trait and replace them with genes carrying a desirable trait. Such advances raise staggering possibilities for altering animal and human forms. Still, gene therapy remains highly experimental, and must be considered a long, long shot (Kolata 1999).The debate on genetic engineering escalated in 1997 when scientists in Scotland announced that they had cloned a sheep. (49) After many unsuccessful attempts, they had finally been able to replace the genetic material of a sheep’s egg with DNA from an adult sheep, creating a lamb that was a clone of the adult. The very next year, Japanese researchers successfully cloned cows. These developments raised the possibility that in the near future, scientists may be able to clone human beings. William F. Ogburn probably could not have anticipated such scientific developments when he wrote of culture lag 70 years earlier. (50) However, the successful cloning of sheep illustrates again how quickly material culture can change, and how non-material culture moves more slowly in absorbing such changes.

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Most erroneous conclusions by scientists are discovered during the process of publishing their research. (41) So-called “junk science” bypasses this system of peer review. Presented directly to the public by people variously described as “experts” or “activists,” often with little or no supporting evidence, this “junk science” undermines the ability of elected representatives, jurists, and others— including everyday consumers—to make rational decisions.(42) By regulatory definition, these foods may contain monoglycerides and diglycerides, but not triglycerides. From the point of view of solid science this definition makes no practical sense, given that the body metabolizes mono, di-and triglycerides in essentially the same way. Meanwhile unwary consumers take the “fat-free” label as a license to eat these foods to excess, and Americans are more obese now than ever before.A more amusing example is “Vitamin O,” a wonder supplement advertised to “maximize your nutrients, purify your blood stream, and eliminate toxins and poisons—in other words, [to supply] all the processes necessary to prevent disease and promote health.” (43) In other words, the 60,000 consumers purchasing “Vitamin O”—to the tune of $20 a month—were taking salt water! Although this product was legally exempted from certain FDA requirements by virtue of its status as a “natural” diet supplement, the FTC was able to file a complaint against it in 1999, based on false claims by its promoters that it was being used by NASA astronauts. Otherwise “Vitamin O” would still be one of the world’s best-selling placebos.The potential lasting power of “junk science” is demonstrated by the story of German physician Samuel Hahnemann, who took quinine back in 1776 to investigate its use against malaria. After taking quinine he experienced chills and fever, which are the symptoms of malaria. (44) In the course of testing this theory with other herbal remedies, Hahnemann discovered that many “natural” herbs are toxic and made his patients worse. The reduce the toxic effects, he diluted the remedies until they seemed to be working. On that basis he formulated a “law of infinitesimals” stating that higher dilutions of herbal cures increase their medicinal benefits. To be fair, Hahnemann conducted these experiments more than 70 years before scientists understood that a dilution weaker than one part in 6.02×1043 may not contain even a single molecule of the dissolved substance. (45)A. An example of “junk science” I like to use with my students is the myth of “fat-free foods” invented by the food industry with the help of federal regulators.B. Other scientists review submitted articles, often repeating any relevant tests or experiments and always evaluating the conclusions that have been drawn from them.C. For this he concluded, wrongly, that “likes cure likes,” i.e., that diseases should be treated with medicines that produce similar symptoms to the diseases.D. Thus he did not realize that upon administering to his patients 30X preparations—dilutions of one part herb to 1030 parts water—the placebo effect was all that was really left to measure.E. Despite this preposterous claim, the market for these remedies is enormous.F. It was described on its label as “stabilized oxygen molecules in a solution of distilled water and sodium chloride.”

In the 1970s, there was great optimism about earthquake prediction. A few so-called earthquake precursors had come to light, and there was even a theory (known as dilatancy) put forth to explain many of the phenomena that come before a large earthquake. A series of foreshocks is an example of a precursor. However, since foreshocks look just like any other earthquakes, they are not in themselves very useful in prediction. From all points around the globe, there are numerous anecdotal reports about other precursors, earthquake folklore, if you will.Many widely reported earthquake precursors are related to groundwater. A few hours before a large earthquake, marked changes have been reported in the level or flow of wells and springs. Groundwater has also reportedly changed temperature, become cloudy, or acquired a bad taste. Occasionally, electrostatic phenomena such as earthquake lights (similar to St. Elmo’s fire that appears on ships during electrical storms) and changes in the local magnetic field have been reported. Anecdotal reports also persistently include the strange behavior of animals, which might be linked to electrostatic phenomena or foreshocks. Changes in strain and creep (silent tectonic motion, without accompanying earthquake) along a fault normally locked by friction could also be considered precursors.In China in the 1970s, it became popular for people to predict earthquakes using “backyard” measurements such as the monitoring of well levels and observation of farm animals. At least one earthquake, the Haicheng quake in 1975, was successfully predicted and a town evacuated, providing that, at least in some cases, earthquake prediction is possible. The Haicheng earthquake had hundreds of foreshocks, making it an easier-than-average earthquake to predict. Groundwater changes and anomalous animal behavior were also reported (for example, hibernating snakes supposedly awoke and froze to death). In China, “evacuation” meant that compulsory outdoor movies were shown, so that when the quake did happen and the town was severely damaged, no one was killed. But Chinese seismologists missed predicting catastrophic Tangshan earthquake, in which at least 250,000 reportedly perished.36. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?37. The passage indicates that foreshocks are “not ... very useful” in predicting earthquake because they .38. Which of the following could be considered a logical inconsistency in the passage?39. The passage suggests that the Tangshan earthquake .40. In Paragraph 3, the word “evacuation” is placed in quotations in order to __.

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