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People throughout the world are eating ____ meat per person as they did in 1950.

Some disputes among these countries are ____ by history.

To get my traveler’s checks I had to ____ such a special check to the bank for the total amount.

This type of chair, easily ____ or folded away, is ideal for use in the garden.

Once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three-dimensional, it ____ out and begins grasping various kinds of objects.

（1）如果从狭义上去理解“进步”和“人类的状况”，则人们可以甚为合理地说，人类在过去的一个世纪中几乎没有取得任何的进步。（2）全球数以百万计的人仍生活在贫困之中，艾滋病正在夺走无数人的生命，而治愈方法遥遥无期。（3）战争和暴力在中东、非洲以及阿富汗持续不断。（4）然而，持此狭隘的观点，则有可能使人无视人类在过去一百年中已取得的显而易见的巨大进步。（5）随着人类继续迈进21世纪，较为可取的做法应该是全面认识人类在过去100年中已经取得的成就，并展望人类在下一个世纪中可能取得的进步，而不是对人类今日显著改善的生存状况视而不见。

Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. (1) Just as it is wrong for a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. (2) They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment. The American Medical Association’s policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper “Active and Passive Euthanasia” I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die—if one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant. The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction “leave the traditional position untouched”.Is my argument really irrelevant? I don’t see how it can be. (3) As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.(4) But traditionalists like Professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia—the direct killing of patients—is not morally permissible; so, if my argument is sound, their view must be mistaken. I cannot agree, then, that my argument “leave the traditional position untouched”.However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. (5) According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary.

Directions: Present your perspective on the issue below, using relevant reasons and / or examples to support your views.Write a composition of about 350 words entitled An Occupation that Can Bring My Creative Drives and Technical Knowledge into Full Play.

国际间的礼品赠予已经成了文化的危险区域。各种文化中的禁忌都有所不同。要赠送他人得当的礼品就必须了解对方的文化。在某些文化中，适时赠予符合时尚的合适的礼品，不仅会增进个人之间的关系，也能提高公司和个人的形象。合适的礼品可以表达对他人的尊重，同样也表现出公司和个人的形象，以及实现全球化的技能和实力。在人际关系十分重要的文化中，礼品反映公司的形象和意图。同时，潜在的合作伙伴可以进一步领会你以及你公司的想法和未来可能采取的行动。然而，赠予礼品的主要目的是，向接受者表示敬意，让他们感到愉快。如果把这一点牢记在心，你就不可能赠送他人不合适的礼品。你的礼品就更不可能会侮辱对方。国际间礼品赠予的基本经验是：你赠送的礼品最好是本国生产的。要特别细心，弄清礼品的生产产地，以避免对接受礼品的人造成任何无礼的后果。

Advice is offensive, not because it lays us open to unexpected regret, or convicts us of any fault which had escaped our notice, but because it shows us that we are known to others as well as to ourselves; and 1. the officious monitor is persecuted with hatred, not because his accusation is false, but because he assumes that superiority which we are not willing to grant him, and has dared to detect what we desired to conceal.For this reason, advice is commonly ineffectual. 2. If those who follow the call of their desires, without inquiry where they are going, had deviated ignorantly from the paths of wisdom, and were rushing upon dangers unforeseen, they would readily listen to information that recalls them from their errors and catch the first alarm by which destruction or infamy is denounced. Few that wander in the wrong way mistake it for the right; they only find it more smooth and flowery, and indulge their own choice rather than approve it; therefore few are persuaded to quit it by admonition or reproof, since it impresses no new conviction, nor confers how any power or action or resistance. He that is gravely informed how soon profusion will annihilate his fortune, hears with little advantage what he knew before, and catches at the next occasion of expense, because advice has no force to suppress his vanity. 3. He that is told how certainly intemperance will hurry him to the grave, runs with his usual speed to a new course of luxury, because his reason is not invigorated, nor his appetite weakened.4. The mischief of Flattery is, not that it persuades any man that he is what he is not, but that it suppresses the influence of honest ambition, by raising an opinion that honor may be gained without the toil of merit, and the benefit of advice arises commonly, not from any new light imparted to the mind, but from the discovery which it affords, of public suffrages.As we all know our own faults, and know them commonly with many aggravation which human perspicacity cannot discover, there is, perhaps, no man, however hardened by impudence or dissipated by levity, sheltered by hypocrisy, or blasted by disgrace, who does not intend some time to review his conduct and to regulate the remainder of his life by the law of virtues. New temptation indeed attack him, new invitations are offered by pleasure and interest and the hour of reformation is always delayed, 5. every delay gives vice another opportunity of fortifying itself of habit; and the change of manners, though sincerely intended and rationally planned, is referred to the time when some craving passion shall be fully gratified, or some powerful allurement cease its importunity.

For all the burgeoning popularity of corporate social responsibility—the art of “doing well by doing good”—its benefits remain unproven. It is well and good to say that a globalizing company needs to take account of social problems in its new markets, or that social responsibility will be its own reward, in happier employees, lower legal costs and improved productivity. But at heart, for many companies, corporate social responsibility is still just a matter of branding. Look at McDonald’s and the Body Shop, for example. The former is still a target of consumer derision and lawsuits despite its introduction of healthier food. The environmentally friendly reputation of the Body Shop, on the other hand, has long outpaced its actual investment in eco-friendly processes.“Building Reputational Capital” by Kevin Jackson, a professor of legal and ethical studies at Fordham University in New York, argues that corporations need to be socially responsible to build their “reputational capital”, which is similar to but bigger than, any brand they might market. A company with lots of such capital will be able to attract better employees, charge higher prices, negotiate better deals, and attract more investors.But how much control does a firm actually exercise over its own reputation? The examples Mr. Jackson gives are not entirely encouraging. Nike, a favorite target of activists for its treatment of sweatshop workers, appears several times; but Mr. Jackson does not elaborate on whether a drop in its reputational capital costs Nike any sales. Mr. Jackson does cite studies showing a positive correlation between a commitment to an ethical behavior and performance. But his examples do not make as powerful a case for the necessity of corporate social responsibility as he would like.Indeed, a firm that embarks on a plan of corporate social responsibility may be setting itself up for a worse, not a better, reputation. Mr. Jackson cites the example of H.B. Fuller Company, an American adhesives manufacturer that had built up reputational capital by declaring its intention to be a good corporate citizen and making philanthropic donations. But it was blamed when one of its products, Resistol, became the drug of choice for glue-sniffing children in Central America. Other competitors whose glues were sniffed, he notes, got little criticism. One can see how a company with a strong commitment to corporate social responsibility might elicit the same charges of hypocrisy—and similar companies might then decide that corporate social responsibility might be more trouble than its worth.Anyone who has already embraced the idea of a socially responsible corporation might well find this book useful; it provides a decent framework for implementing and justifying a socially responsible strategy. But there are many who, like The Economist, question whether corporations should be investing in social initiatives at the possible expense of profit. “Building Reputational Capital,” while well-written and serious, will not convince them otherwise.1. McDonald’s and the Body Shop are cited in the first paragraph to show that .2. Professor Kevin Jackson holds that .3. The author considers the examples cited by Jackson .4. It is implied in the fourth paragraph that .5. The best title of the passage is .

In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate (产生作用或影响) towards a narrowing of the range of perception. Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness, of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated.In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no evidence of the infant’s frustration; rather, it appears that the infant’s attention to the attractive object increases as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the first in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his hand, he loses attention and turns to something else.In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strength to bear in appraising a situation.Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events.The impact of the socialization process particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitive directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the overriding influence. The evolutionary process of development from, body schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Auditing develops first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this evident in the development of the individual being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors (先驱) to intelligible vocal communication.From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.1. How does a child develop his perception?2. According to the passage, the infant may be most interested in ____.3. What stimulates adults’ motivational cognition?4. Which of the following is NOT the influence of socialization process?5. What links cognitive development to the needs of society?

What, can rigid, cold calculating mathematics possibly have in common with subtle, creative, lofty, imaginative art? This question faithfully mirrors the state of mind of most people, even of most educated people, when they regard the numbers and symbols that populate the world of mathematics. But the great leaders of mathematics thought have frequently and repeatedly asserted that the object of their pursuit is just as much an art as it is a science, and perhaps even fine art. Maxime Bocher, eminent mathematician living at the beginning of last century, wrote, “I like to look at mathematics almost more as an art than as a science; for the activity of the mathematician, constantly creating as he is, guided although not controlled by the external world of the senses, bears a resemblance, not fanciful, I believe, but real, to the activities of the artist—of a painter, let us say. Rigorous deductive reasoning on the part of the mathematician may be likened here to the technical skill in drawing on the part of the painter. Just as one cannot become a painter without a certain amount of skill, so no one can become a mathematician without the power to reason accurately up to a certain point.“Yet these qualities, fundamental though they are, do not make a painter or a mathematician worthy of the name, nor indeed are they the most important factors in the case. Other qualities of a far more subtle sort, chief among which in both cases is imagination, go into the making of a good artist or a good mathematician.”If mathematics wants to lay claim to being an art, however, it must show that it possesses and makes use of at least some of the elements that go to make up the things of beauty. Is not imagination, creative imagination, the most essential element of an art? Let us take a geometric object, such as the circle. To the ordinary man, this is the rim of a wheel, perhaps with spokes in it. Elementary geometry has crowded this simple figure with radii (半径), chords, sectors, tangents (切线), diameters, inscribed and circumscribed polygons, and so on.Here you have already an entire geometrical world created from a very rudimentary beginning. These and other miracles are undeniable proof of the creative power of the mathematician; and, as if this were not enough, the mathematician allows the whole circle to “vanish”, declares it to be imaginary, then keeps on toying with his new creation in much the same way and with much the same gusto (爱好，兴趣) as he did with the innocent little thing you allowed him to start out with. And all this, remember please, is just elementary plane geometry. Truly, the creative imagination displayed by the mathematician has nowhere been exceeded, nor even paralleled, and I would make bold to say, not even closely approached anywhere else.In many ways mathematics exhibits the same elements of beauty that are generally acknowledged to be the essence of poetry. First, let us consider a minor point: the poet arranges his writings on the page in verse. His poem first appeals to the eye before it reaches the ear or the mind; and similarly, the mathematician lines up his formulas and equations so that their form may make an aesthetic impression. Some mathematicians are given to this love of arranging and exhibiting their equations to a degree that borders on a fault. Trigonometry, a branch of elementary mathematics particularly rich in formulas, offers some curious groups of them, curious in their symmetry and their arrangement.The superiority of poetry over other forms of verbal expression lies first in the symbolism used in poetry, and secondly in its extreme condensation and economy of words. Take a poem of universally acknowledged merit, say Shelley’s poem “To Night”. Here is the second stanza: Wrap thy form in a mantle gray, star-in wrought! Blind with thine heir the eyes of Day; Kiss her until she be wearied out; Then wander our city, and sea, and land; touching all with thine opiate wand—Come, long-sought!Taken literally, all this is, of course, sheer nonsense and nothing else. Night has no hair, night does not wear any clothes, and night is not an illicit peddler or narcotics. But is there anybody balmy enough to take the words of the poet literally? The words here are only comparisons, only symbols. For the sake of condensation the poet doesn’t bother stating that his symbols mean such and such, but goes on to treat them as if they were realities.The mathematician does these things precisely as the poet does. Take numbers, for example, the very idea of which is an abstraction, or symbol. When you write the figure 3, you have created a symbol for a symbol, and when you say in algebra that a is a number, you have condensed all the symbols for all the numbers into one all-embracing symbol. These, like other mathematical symbols, and like the poets’ symbols, are a condensed, concentrated way of stating a long and rather complicated chain of simple geometrical, algebraic, or numerical relations.1. The similarity between the activities of mathematicians and those of artists is .2. In the writer’s opinion, what is the most fundamental element that makes a good artist or mathematician?3. In what way do mathematicians exhibit the same elements of beauty as poet?4. Poetry is superior to other forms of expression for its .5. Just like poets, mathematicians may use .

It is a devastating prospect. Terrorist electronically break into the computers that control the water supply of a large American city, open and close valves to contaminate the water with untreated sewage or toxic chemicals, and then release it in a devastating flood. As the emergency services struggle to respond, the terrorists strike again, shutting down the telephone network and electrical power grid with just a few mouse clicks. Businesses are paralyzed, hospitals are overwhelmed and roads are gridlocked as people try to flee.This kind of scenario is invoked by doom-mongers who insist that stepping up physical security since the September 11th attacks is not enough. Road-blocks and soldiers around power stations cannot prevent digital terrorism. “Until we secure our cyber-infrastructure, a few keystrokes and an Internet connection is all one needs to disable the economy and endanger lives,” Lamar Smith, a Texas congressman, told a judiciary committee in February. He ended with his catchphrase: “A mouse can be just as dangerous as a bullet or a bomb.” Is he right?It is true that utility companies and other operators of critical infrastructure are increasingly connected to the Internet. But just because an electricity company’s customers can pay their bills online, it does not necessarily follow that the company’s critical control systems are vulnerable to attack. Control systems are usually kept entirely separate from other systems, for good reason. They tend to be obscure, old-fashioned systems that are incompatible with internet technology anyhow. Even authorized users require specialist knowledge to operate them. And telecoms firms, hospitals and businesses usually have contingency plans to deal with power failures or flooding.A simulation carried out in August by the United States Naval War College in conjunction with Gartner, a consultancy, concluded that an “electronic Pearl Harbor” attack on America’s critical infrastructure could indeed cause serious disruption, but would first need five years of preparation and 200 million dollars of funding. There are far simpler and less costly way to attack critical infrastructure, from hoax phone calls to truck bombs and hijacked airliners.On September 18th Richard Clarke, America’s cyber-security tsar, unveiled his long-awaited blueprint for securing critical infrastructure from digital attacks. It was a bit of a damp squib (胆怯), making no firm recommendations and proposing no new regulation or legislation. But its lily-livered approach might, in fact be the right one. When a risk has been overstated, inaction may be the best policy.It is difficult to avoid comparisons with the “millennium bug and the predictions of widespread computer chaos arising from the change of date to the year 2000. Then, as now, the alarm was sounded by technology vendors and consultants, who stood to gain from scare-mongering. But Ross Anderson, a computer scientist at Cambridge University, prefers to draw an analogy with the environmental lobby. Like eco-warriors, he observes, those in the security industry—be the vendors trying to boost sales, academics chasing grants, or politicians looking for bigger budgets—have a built-in incentive to overstate the risks.1. We learn from the first paragraph that .2. Speaking of the doom-mongers, the author implies that .3. In the view of Gartner consultant, .4. “Lily-livered approach” (Paragraph 5) probably means an approach characterized by .5. We learn from the last paragraph that .

Some theorists view almost all crimes as political. They view them either as an act by the ruling（1）to repress the working class or an act by the working class to（2）that representative regime. I shall（3）, use the term political crime in a narrower（4）—to describe crimes designed either to（5）or to maintain the social order. Crimes to change the social order include treason (betraying one’s country) and sedition (rebellion, or the attempt to violently（6）the government). They also include illegal group activities designed to（7）social change, such as draft resistance or burning the national flag.The second（8）of political crime, illegal activities designed to maintain the（9）social order includes the illegal activities of the CIA, their secret（10）of foreign governments, their assassinations and their （11）surveillance. The illegal activities of the FBI, such as the burglaries they（12）and the tens of thousands of letters they illegally（13）and photographed, are also political crimes.（14）social problems are a matter of definition rather than（15）fact is clearly illustrated by political crimes. Some people see the illegal activities of those who want to change the social order as a major social problem,（16）they regard the political crimes of government as necessary to（17）the domestic order. Others view the illegal acts of government officials as an（18）social problem, because they destroy the very constitutional system that the officials swear to maintain. For others still, political crime, whether to（19）or change the status quo, is a social problem（20）the acts themselves are illegal.

People are waiting for ____ whether the man is innocent or not.

He is so ____ that he built a porch for his house last summer during his vacation.

A ____ spring has finally come to Sarajevo—and with it, the illusion of renewal.

It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen ____, and it will not be a long process.

The teacher didn’t believe that Ted was annoying me until she saw him in the ____ act of pulling my hair.

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