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Are we tolerating more Dishonesty?The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers’ thought turn to it. Test time approaches and some students’ thoughts turn to it. Temptation appears and spouses consider it. Nowadays, cheating is on the rise. “You want something you can’t get by behaving within the rules, and you want it badly enough you’ll do it regardless of any guilt or deep regret and you’re willing to run the risk of being caught.” That’s how Ladd Wheeler, psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York, defines cheating.Cheating represents the triumph of the “Brazen Rule” over the “Golden Rule”, says Terry Pinkard, philosophy professor at Georgetown University. “The Golden Rule says, “Do unto others as you would like have them do onto you. The Brazen Rule says, “Do onto others as they would do onto you if they were in your place.” Many experts believe cheating is on the rise. “We’re seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated. Whether to cheat depends on whether it’s in the person’s interest.” He does, however, see less cheating among the youngest students.Richard Dienstbier, psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, believes that society’s attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating. Twenty years ago, if a person cheated in college, society said, “That is extremely serious; you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently”, he says. “Nowadays, at the University of Nebraska, for example, it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam, the student must receive an ‘F’ on what he cheated on. That’s nothing. If you’re going to fail anyway, why not cheat?”Cheating is unethical, Pinkard says, whether it’s massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged. “You’re treating other people merely as a means for your own ends. You’re using people in ways they would not consent to. The cheater says, “Let everybody else bear the burden, and I’ll reap the benefits.”Cheaters usually try to justify their actions, says Robert Hogan, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma. “They never think it’s their fault.” Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves, adds Wheeler. “They don’t want to label themselves as a cheater. Also, they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught, so they work on their excuse ahead of time.” The most common justifications, psychologists say, include:“I had to do it.”“The test was unfair.”“Everybody does it, and I have to cheat to get what’s rightfully mine.”“The government wastes the money anyway.”“My wife (or husband) doesn’t understand me, and we’ve grown apart.”“Cheating is most likely in situations where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low”, says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene. In his study, a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests, while secret, pressure-sensitive paper indicated who changed answers. To raise the pressure, students were given an extremely high score as the “average” for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists. About 46 percent of the male students changed answers; among the females, about 30 percent cheated.Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.Despite the general rise in cheating, Pinkard sees some cause for hope, “I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating.” Perhaps, he says, the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the “baby boom” students who preceded them—and therefore less self-centered. “There seems to be a swing back in the culture.”1. The purpose of this passage is to .2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?3. According to the passage, with which of the following would the author probably NOT agree?4. When a person is caught cheating, it is most likely that he .5. Regarding the future of cheating, the author seems to be .

It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world, which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do. How to make cities more harmonious, reduce crime rates, improve welfare, overcome racism, increase our wealth—this is the stuff of social sciences. The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical, too ambitious or too unpalatable. The methods of research are also often attacked for their lack of rigor, and critics are quick to point out that the people who make the important decisions pay little attention to what social scientists have to say anyway. This would change if the social sciences made themselves more relevant and ready for the society of the 21st century.Social sciences began to take shape in the 19th century, but came into their own at the beginning of the 20th century, when a number of well-established disciplines, including economics, sociology, political science, history and anthropology really made their mark. Geography and psychology could be added to that list. However, only sociology, political science and economics have succeeded in consolidating their position in the social sciences mainstream. The others were virtually all marginalized. Moreover, powerful institutional barriers now separate the various disciplines.Hardly the right atmosphere in which to grow and deal with the harsh criticism which the social sciences have come in for from many quarters, including governments and international commissions. Radical measures are now being suggested to turn things round, from how to award university chairs, to setting syllabi and raising funds.The need for de-compartmentalizing and striking a new order in the relationship between the disciplines concerns all of the social sciences, though perhaps economics most of all. Only it has acquired a dominant position in management and public affairs. Some would say it has fallen under the sway of “unitary thinking”, with little room for debate, for example, on the question of debt reduction or monetary tightness. Moreover, many people do not believe that economic science forms part of social sciences at all. This is a somewhat problematic position to uphold, particularly as economic developments are largely determined by political, social and cultural factors. Yet, economists often have difficulty understanding or taking such factors into account. This has left economics exposed to attack, for example, over its prescriptions for development and its analysis of events, such as the causes of the Asian crisis. To many, economics relies too heavily on hypothetical and sometimes unrealistic assumptions.Can social sciences bounce back and assert themselves in the 21st century? We will probably not be able to tell for a few decades, since the ways in which societies analyze themselves develop very slowly. After all, the social sciences are rarely given to sudden discoveries and headline breakthroughs like some other sciences. What is more, social sciences may continue to face the stout resistance of established institutions defending their own territory and opposing innovation and change. Could it be that society, which by definition seeks stability, has an in-built resistance towards indulging in any form of self-analysis? Few people have an appetite for hard truth. But perhaps in the information age and in the dematerialized economy of the knowledge world, all that could change. Perhaps society will discover a pressing need to know itself much better, if only to survive. Social sciences will then have a different status.1. The social sciences are criticized for .2. The expression “came into their own” means .3. The advice of the author is that the social sciences need to .4. Among the social sciences, economics, the author maintains .5. The social science, in the author’s opinion, .

Do you send and receive more phone calls or e-mails? If your answer is e-mail, or you wish it were, then a new breed of telecommunications devices called an e-mail phone or Internet phone may soon find its way into your kitchen or living room. Essentially, an e-mail phone, or e-phone for short, is the merger of telephone and computer. With most of these new screen phones, that means, being able to read and reply to electronic mail directly from the phone, without starting up (or even owning) a PC. With some, it also means being able to search through the Web to make vacation plans or research homework assignments though at slow speeds and on a rather small screen. And you can still make phone calls, too.No computer experience is required to use an e-phone. Most let you sign up with Internet service provider (ISP), which typically charges about $20 per month. Once you’re past this tedious work and enter the account information into the phone, you can check your e-mails from either your computer or phone.To assess your e-mail account from one of these phones, you typically have to select e-mail service from a menu. Phones with touch screens have an icon for that on the opening screen. For other phones, you press one of the buttons lining the bottom or sides of the display, much as with an ATM machine. The phone then calls your ISP. When the ISP picks up, the phone automatically transfers your account name and password. Once accepted, the ISP will start sending the phone your messages. By touching the item you want to read or hitting a button next to it, the message will be displayed. Once you’ve read it, you can reply to the message, move onto the next one, or, with most phones, delete the message from your account. You can check your e-mail manually, but most e-phones can also be set to check several times a day automatically. In automatic mode, the phone flashes to tell you mail is waiting. If you happen to be using the phone when it is scheduled to check for e-mail, the phone will automatically try again when the line is free.One serious drawback to e-mail by phone is that it cannot receive (or send) attached files, whether they contain documents or graphics. Some phones will attempt to display simple text files as part of the message, but other types of files will appear as gibberish, or not at all. If you use the e-mail account on a PC and don’t delete the message, however, you can usually retrieve the message and file on your computer.1. An e-mail phone is an improved device of telecommunication in that .2. Compared with a traditional telephone, an e-mail phone probably .3. When an e-mail phone is being used to make phone calls, it .4. One fundamental flaw of e-mail phones is that people cannot use it to .5. It can be inferred from the passage that e-mails phones are designed to .

Within hours of appearing on television to announce the end of conscription, President Jacues Chirac moved quickly to prevent any dissent from within the military establishment. Addressing more than 500 military staff officers at the military academy in Paris yesterday, Mr. Chirac said clearly that he “expected” their loyalty in the work of rebuilding France’s national defense.He understood their “legitimate concerns, questions and emotions” at the reforms, but added, “You must understand that there is not and never has been any rigid model for French defense. Military service has been compulsory for less than a century. Realism required that our armed forces should now be professional.”The President’s decision to abolish conscription over a period of six years removes a rite of passage for young Frenchmen that has existed since the Revolution, even though obligatory national service only became law in 1905. As recently as 1993, an opinion poll showed that more than 60% of French people said they feared the abolition of conscription could endanger national security. A poll conducted this month, however, showed that 70% of those asked favored ending of practice, and on the streets and in offices yesterday, the response to Mr. Chirac’s announcement was generally positive.Among people who completed their 10-month period of national service in the last few years or were contemplating the prospect, there was almost universal approval. Tempered by a sense that something hard to define—mixing with people from other backgrounds, a formative experience, a process that encouraged national or social cohesion—might be lost.Patrick, who spent his year in the French city of Valance assigning and collecting uniforms, and is now a computer manager, said he was in tears for his first week, and hated most of his time. He thought it was “useless” as a form of military training—“I only fired a rifle twice”—but, in retrospect, useful for learning how to get on with people and instilling patriotism.As many as 25% of those liable for military service in France somehow avoid it—the percentage is probably much greater in the more educated and higher social classes.According to Geoffroy, a 26-year-old reporter, who spent his time in the navy with the information office in central Paris, the injustice is a good reason for abolishing it. People with money or connections, he said, can get well-paid assignments abroad. “It’s not fair: some do it, some don’t.”Several expressed support for the idea of a new socially-oriented voluntary service that would be open to both men and women. But the idea seemed less popular among women. At present, women have the option of voluntary military service and a small number choose to take it.1. President Chirac’s decision, announced on TV, on ending conscription seemed to .2. In place of military service, President Chirac proposed the establishment of .3. When Patrick considered his time in the army “in retrospect”, he .4. We learn from the passage that French women .5. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?

There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainly through his efforts（1）the English currency was put on（2）satisfactory basis at a difficult time.（3）discovered a relationship between prices and（4）amount of money in circulation, which（5）later formalized in the so-called “quality（6）” of money: if the amount of（7）in circulation is doubled—other things（8）the same—then prices also will（9）double. This is a simple application（10）the principle that it is impossible（11）get something for nothing, but apparently（12）took someone like Newton to discover it. There （13）an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who（14）the Polish government on currency questions（15）in doing so discovered another important（16）(usually known as Gresham’s Law): when（17） money is accepted as legal tender,（18）money will be driven out of（19）. Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation（20）this law.

This is an ____ piece of work of art, verified by several prominent art connoisseurs.

The parents ____ the child to a nurse’s care when they were out.

They themselves the politician because they hoped he would become president one day. At last he did.

When American Astronaut Glen returned to the earth and hearty welcome ____ him, he was considered to be a national hero.

While watching television ____.

Children are ____ to be noisy while they are playing.

After leaving college, the young man ____ on a new business career.

Pessimism concerning the economic future was ____ in western European countries in the late 1970s.

He was a very ____ electrician and could repair all kinds of electric appliance.

The buckets of water are hung on the wall as a ____ against fire.

Once the ____ contradiction is grasped, all problems will be readily solved.

Agreement made by the President with other countries ____ the approval of the Senate.

Since you are so weak, you should take every ____ precaution against catching cold.

She considered herself always in the right, and ____ anybody’s suggestion.

I must remember ____ John that the garden needs watering.

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