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If that desk is at least 100 years old, it is an authentic antique and valuable.

It is also believed that these steroids could be used to treat disorders such as acute anxiety and premenstrual syndrome.

This book is essential to anyone interested in space exploration.

Factory and accompanying prosperity muted memories of the Great Depression and made him a national hero.

The biggest computer company in Silicon Valley has laid off hundreds of people during the last few years.

The organization provides information on health issue to the public at large.

Structurally, the inside of early Christian churches was quite simple.

Once again, success in farming is accompanied by new worries, which brought about a disaster to the village.

It was clear that they abused their power and rode roughshod over the people.

A saying goes “The past is the guide for the future.” To what extent do you agree with the saying? You may base your judgments either on your own life or work experiences, or on social developments. Write an essay of about 400 words.Requirements: In the first part of your writing you should state clearly your main idea, and in the second part you should support the main idea with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

1. 成功的国际营销不仅仅在于好的翻译，如果销售人员想避免犯错误的话，他们就必须研究和了解文化的其他方面。2. 当国家未来的经济增长越来越依靠科学和技术的时候，教育在一个国家未来的前途中起着决定性的作用。3. 在大多数文化中，忍受痛苦和沉默寡言受到人们的珍视，而表露自己的情感被看作是一个人的缺点。4. 未来几十年，整个世界将要面临的最迫切的挑战之一，就是如何缓解人类的活动给环境造成的日益严重的压力。5. 教育软件把教育和娱乐融入到一起，这种寓教于乐的软件给学生创造了边学边玩的机会。

As Ford Motor’s board of directors gathered to hold its quarterly meeting Thursday, speculation was growing that the world’s NO. 2 automaker was prepared to acquire the automotive operations of Sweden’s Volvo. 1. Merger speculation that has been widespread throughout the industry for months has focused on a possible Volvo-Ford linkup since a report last week that Volvo had hired a Wall Street investment bank to explore a possible sale.Ford’s board meeting was to be held in Dearborn, the Detroit suburb where Ford is headquartered. Chief spokesman Vaughn Koshkarian declined to comment on the agenda or the Volvo rumors. President Jac Nasser, speaking at an industry conference Tuesday night, also declined to say where Ford was negotiating with Volvo. But Nasser again said Ford was open to using its more than $20 billion cash reserve to expand the company’s global reach.2. Last year’s acquisition of Chrysler by Daimler-Benz led to a flurry of talks among automakers looking to strengthen their position in an industry beset with too much production capacity worldwide. The conventional wisdom is that smaller automakers will be ill-equipped to compete in the 21st century as the industry becomes dominated by several international automakers.Volvo, one of the world’s smaller automakers, produces less than 500,000 vehicles annually. Last year it sold 100, 227 cars in the United States, one of its largest markets. 3. Ford reportedly has been courting debt-laden Nissan Motor as well, and turned down an offer last month for a 20% share in the Japanese automaker. Ford also lost in bidding late last year for financially troubled Kia Motors of Korea.4. Analysts say Ford and Volvo are a better fit. “The Volvo thing is more practical than anything else,” said analyst David Healy of Burnham Securities. “Ford, which is becoming good at cost-effectively developing a variety of very different cars with the same basic chassis and major parts, could help Volvo expand its product line,” Girsky said. 5. “If you could bring out smaller cars under the Volve brand, you could command a premium price,” he said, “Ford has similarly expanded Jaguar’s vehicle line since it bought the British Luxury automaker in 1989.”

American higher education stands on the brink of chaos. （1）have so many spent so long learning so little.The present crisis（2）the increasingly widespread acceptance among faculty and administrators of the fatal educational（3）that a student should not be required to do any academic works that（4）him. If a student prefers not to study science, history, or literature, he is（5）to attain his degree without studying any science, history, or literature.Throughout the country the attempt is being（6）to provide students with what is advertised as a（7）education without requiring of them the necessary self-discipline and hard work… Students have been led to believe they can achieve（8）effort, that all they need to do in order to obtain a good education is skip casually down the merry road to learning. Unfortunately, that road is no（9）a detour to the dead end of ignorance.We must realize that becoming an educated person is a difficult, demanding（10）. Just as anyone who spoke of intense（11）training as a continuous source of pleasure and delight would be thought a fool, for we all know how much pain and frustration such training involves, so anyone who speaks of intense mental（12）as a continuous source of joy and ecstasy ought to be thought（13）foolish, for such effort also involves pain and frustration. Of course there can be joy in learning as there can be joy in sport. But in both cases, the joy is a result of overcoming genuine（14）and cannot be experienced without sweat.And that he（15）well is no reason why he should not be criticized for an（16）performance. Such criticism, when well-founded and constructive, is（17）demeaning. Yet criticism of any sort is（18）nowadays. （19）student opinion is given greater and greater（20）in the evaluation of faculty, professors are busy trying to ingratiate themselves with the students.

Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a “counterculture”, as participants in the informal economy, as inventions of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor—to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions) upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding.Most important are the economic functions of poverty, as, for lack of other options the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean. The poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away from. Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest of society.Physically, the poor and the non-poor are kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereotyping and media cliché. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor.1. According to the author, studying the elites also sheds light on poverty research because .2. While social scientists are devoting much of their effort to poverty research, .3. In the eyes of the society, .4. The word “pronounced” in the last sentence of the passage probably means .5. In the passage, the author is mainly concerned with .

There has arisen during this twentieth century (as it arose before, in ages which we like to call dark) a pronounced anti-intellectualism, a feeling that both studies and literature are not merely vain, but also somehow untrustworthy. With people swayed by this feeling there is little use in arguing, either for history or literature, or for poetry or music, or for the arts in general.With others, there is still faith that any civilization worthy of the name must be grounded in a ceaseless pursuit of truth. Whether truth is sought through study or through the arts makes no difference. Any pursuit of truth is not only worthwhile; it is the foundation stone of civilization.The study and reading of history is one of those approaches to truth. It is only one; all the arts and sciences are such approaches. All have their places; all are good; and each touches the other. They are not airtight compartments. It is only in a few institutions, afflicted by mental arteriosclerosis, that events like the Industrial Revolution are attributed entirely to the historians, the social scientists, or the physical scientists. Is Pepys’ Diary (a literary work) history or sociology or literature? Only within the past hundred years have historians found that what people have done in literature and art is a part of their history. Books like Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Ten Nights in a Bar Room and The Crisis (all literary works) have themselves helped to make history.Even at the moment, when scientific investigation becomes more and more specialized and the historian concentrates more and more fiercely on periods and episodes, it is becoming clearer to the layman that all this is part of one whole. Even at a time when textbooks are being written to introduce to the theoretical physicist his brethren who are working as chemists or engineers on perhaps the same problem, the layman is far enough removed from all this specialization to see the whole, possibly even more clearly than do the specialists. Between history, biography, the arts and sciences, and even journalism, who could draw airtight distinctions? Not laymen. Is not yesterday’s newspaper history, and may it not become literature?1. The author suggest that the twentieth century resembles the Dark Ages because of .2. Pepys’ Diary should be considered as .3. Who is most likely to recognize the underlying unity of diverse facts?4. What is most necessary in a period of great specialization?5. The main intent of this article seems to be the .

There has arisen during this twentieth century (as it arose before, in ages which we like to call dark) a pronounced anti-intellectualism, a feeling that both studies and literature are not merely vain, but also somehow untrustworthy. With people swayed by this feeling there is little use in arguing, either for history or literature, or for poetry or music, or for the arts in general.With others, there is still faith that any civilization worthy of the name must be grounded in a ceaseless pursuit of truth. Whether truth is sought through study or through the arts makes no difference. Any pursuit of truth is not only worthwhile; it is the foundation stone of civilization.The study and reading of history is one of those approaches to truth. It is only one; all the arts and sciences are such approaches. All have their places; all are good; and each touches the other. They are not airtight compartments. It is only in a few institutions, afflicted by mental arteriosclerosis, that events like the Industrial Revolution are attributed entirely to the historians, the social scientists, or the physical scientists. Is Pepys’ Diary (a literary work) history or sociology or literature? Only within the past hundred years have historians found that what people have done in literature and art is a part of their history. Books like Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Ten Nights in a Bar Room and The Crisis (all literary works) have themselves helped to make history.Even at the moment, when scientific investigation becomes more and more specialized and the historian concentrates more and more fiercely on periods and episodes, it is becoming clearer to the layman that all this is part of one whole. Even at a time when textbooks are being written to introduce to the theoretical physicist his brethren who are working as chemists or engineers on perhaps the same problem, the layman is far enough removed from all this specialization to see the whole, possibly even more clearly than do the specialists. Between history, biography, the arts and sciences, and even journalism, who could draw airtight distinctions? Not laymen. Is not yesterday’s newspaper history, and may it not become literature?1. The author suggest that the twentieth century resembles the Dark Ages because of .2. Pepys’ Diary should be considered as .3. Who is most likely to recognize the underlying unity of diverse facts?4. What is most necessary in a period of great specialization?5. The main intent of this article seems to be the .

Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however, savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped form of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today.Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind the Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1) All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2) The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (this and that); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, and what is removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.1. The author considers the term culture as .2. An important function of a language’s vocabulary is its power to .3. The “backward” languages often surprise us because of their .4. Which two concepts are treated as parallels in this selection?5. The author probably makes it a point to refer to the professional anthropologist and linguist because .

In American’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J. Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon V. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, an example of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system—the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, their reluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em” defense—a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty or, if that fails, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,” says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Right. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the average poor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutors and prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace, overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. The word “indigent” (Paragraph 1) most probably means .2. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J. Simpson was probably .3. What is that author’s view of America’s adversarial legal system?4. Which of the following statements is true?5. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?

We waited for the storm to ____.

After she heard the sad news from her father, she was in a very ____ mood.

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