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A considerable number of new facts _______ as a result of the careful investigation.

If you are a ______, determined person you stand a better chance of surviving in difficult circumstances.

You can ______ your old coat but not your old friend.

The general’s understanding of ______ was responsible for his many victories.

He ______ the newspaper while having his supper.

Diplomats are interested in the ______ of the world affairs.

Students have _______ to the library only in the afternoon.

He has a quality one doesn’t find in politics—he’s a(n) ______ nice person.

When I saw her walking along the street deep at night, I was really alarmed by her complexion. She looked so ______ just like a ghost.

I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _______ when judging my examination.

If you do it _______ the first time, you won’t have to do it again.

He ______ left the letter on her desk so that she would find it.

He has read widely but seldom thought deeply, so his apparent learning is really quite ______.

With the advent of the new technologies, trash recycling is becoming an increasing ______ option for waste disposal.

The clerk was accused of being ______ of his duty and was dismissed from his position.

It is ______ that the report be submitted to the Headquarters before the deadline.

1.回忆往事是辛酸的，但他们觉得这是值得的，因为回忆里包含着教训。2.他不仅是个商人，而且是一个受欢迎的公众人物，得到男人和女人同样的推崇。3.一些哲学家说，权力只存在于社会的契约中，是义务与权利相互交换的一部分。4.统计数字说明，在电视行业里生存下来并非易事，1989年，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半亏损。5.确实，许多任务是由电脑完成的，没有电脑，这些任务就无法完成，我们已经把电脑化的好处看成是理所当然的。

The white myth: Blacks blame everyone but themselves for their problems. Since 1977, a majority of whites have agreed that the main reason blacks tend to “have worse jobs, income and housing than whites” is that they “just don’t have the motivation or willpower to pull themselves up out of poverty.” Fifty-seven percent of whites ascribed to that belief when NORC last asked the question, in 1991.Fact: 1. when it comes to apportioning blame, blacks neither presume that big government is the answer to their problems nor shy away from self-criticism. 2. 1992 Gallup Poll of 511 blacks found that Just 1 in 4 blacks believed the most important way they could improve conditions in their communities was to “put more pressure on government to address their problems”; 2 of 3 opted for trying harder either to solve their communities’ problems themselves or to “better themselves personally and their families.” Whites are likely overestimate other whites’ support for racial segregation: blacks are likely to exaggerate whites’ belief that blacks have no self-discipline or are prone to violent crime. 3. Moreover, blacks and whites are far more optimistic about race relations and police fairness in their own communities than they are about other areas or the nation at large. A New-York Times/CBS News poll after the L.A. riots found that just 1 in 4 Americans thought race relations were good national wide, but 3 out 4 believed race relations were generally good in their communities.The downside to these syndromes is that it could make it easier for whites and blacks in suburban and upscale neighborhood to write off blacks in poorer areas. 4. A Los Angeles times poll taken days after the riots found that nearly 80 percent of city residents felt they could suffer few if any hardships because of the riots’ after-effects, and 2 out 3 respondents said their lives were already back to normal. 5. On the other hand, the fact that whites and blacks mix more at work, at home and socially than previous decades suggests that increases in interracial contact could eventually help diminish stereotyping by both races. More tolerance will not solve the nation’s race problem by itself. But it sure wouldn’t hurt if one day. “them” became “us.”

For all their tremendous worldwide impact Fredric Taylor and Scientific Management have had a bad press, especially in academic. One reason, perhaps the main one, is the unrelenting campaign America’s labor unions waged against both in the early years of the last century. The unions actually succeeded in banning any kind of work study in army arsenals and naval shipyard, where in those years practically all defense production was done in America.The unions of 1911 did not oppose Taylor because they thought him pro-management or anti-labor (he was neither). His unforgiveable sin was his assertion that there is no such thing as skill in making and moving things. All could be analyzed step by step as a series of unskilled operations that then could be put together into any kind of job. Anyone willing to learn these operations would be a “first-class man,” deserving “first class pay.” He could do the most highly skilled work and do it to perfection.But the unions of Taylor’s time—and especially the highly respected and extremely powerful unions in arsenals and shipyards—were craft monopolies. Their power base was their control of an apprenticeship (学徒) of five or seven years to which, as a rule, only relatives of members were admitted. They considered their craft a “mystery”, the secrets of which no member was allowed to divulge. The skilled workers in the arsenals and navy yards in particular were paid extremely well—more than most physicians of those times and triples what Taylor’s “first-class man” could expect to get. No wonder that Taylor’s denial of the mystery of craft and skill infuriated (激怒) these “aristocrats of labor” as subversion and pestilential heresy.Most contemporaries, eighty years ago, agreed with the unions. Even thirty years later the belief in the mystery of craft and skill persisted, and also in the long years of apprenticeship needed to acquire either. Hitler, for instance, was convinced that it would take the U. S. at least five years to train optical craftsmen, and modern war requires precision optics. It would therefore take many years, Hitler was sure, before America could field an effective army and air force in Europe—the conviction that made him declare war on America when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.We now know that Taylor, was right. The U. S. did indeed have almost no optical craftsmen in 1941. And modern war does indeed require precision optics, and in large quantities. But by applying Taylor’s Scientific Management the U. S. trained in few months semiskilled workers to turn out more highly advanced optics than the Germans with their craftsmen ever did, and on the assembly line to boot. Any by that time Taylor’s first-class men with their increased productivity also made a great deal more money than any craftsmen of 1911 could even have dreamed of.Eventually knowledge work and service work may turn out to be like work making and moving things—that is, “just work”, to use an Old Scientific Management slogan. At least this is the position of the more radical proponents of Artificial Intelligence, Taylor’s true children or grandchildren. But for the time being, knowledge and service jobs must not be treated as just work. They cannot be assumed to be homogeneous. They must be treated as falling into a number of distinct categories—probably three. Each requires different analysis and different organization. In making and moving things the focus in increasing productivity is on work. In knowledge and service work it has to on performance.1. According to the passage, Fredric Taylor’s Scientific Management .A. was popular during the early 20 centuryB. had a tremendous worldwide impact on economyC. met with strong resistance from labor unions in AmericaD. did not work in arsenals and naval shipyard where all defense production was done2. According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?A. Taylor believed that making and moving things required no special skills.B. The Unions was unhappy with Taylor because he opposed unions.C. All work could be analyzed step by step as a series of unskilled operation.D. “First-class” men could do the most highly skilled work and do it perfectly.3. According to the passage, Taylor’s Scientific Management made it possible that .A. US workers outperformed its counterparts in GermanyB. highly advanced optics was manufactured in GermanyC. first-class of workers inherited craftsmen’s skillsD. a great deal of more money was put into war4. From the passage we can infer that Hitler declared war on America because .A. Hitler thought that America had no optical craftsmenB. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor; war with America was inevitableC. optical craftsmen were hard to find and train at the timeD. beliefs in the mystery of craft and skill affected his decision5. The purpose the author wants to achieve in this passage is to illustrate that .A. Taylor’s Scientific Management was effective in increasing productivityB. Taylor’s Scientific Management was effective in making and moving thingsC. like making and moving things, knowledge and service work require Taylor’s Scientific ManagementD. knowledge and service jobs are distinct; therefore, they should be treated separately

The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other nations. Ten years ago, for example, the world’s top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate planning activities, compared to about one-third of U. S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR.Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshall’s U.S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a close on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in this country.Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign.1. According to the passage, U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because of .2. London soon could replace New York as the center of PR because .3. According to the passage, which is the characteristic of most Americans?4. We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry .5. What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?

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