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The software company Microsoft has a large sphere of influence in the market of operating systems.

It is not easy to tactically decline a marriage proposal.

Last week forty people in total came to the advice center, but Thursday was the busiest day with eighteen attending.

Jonathan Winters is a comic best known for his ability to make up humorous sketches.

To prevent customers from becoming exasperated, most companies try to fill orders as quickly as possible.

Be your own person and don’t try to emulate others.

He labeled the expensive digital video camera something of little use.

They often boast that they lead the new fad of the dynamic hot spring and benefit the people with new healthy life.

All the measures have invigorated the century-old company and helped it obtain an ever bigger market share.

Cheques have largely replaced money as a means of exchange, for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very 1 for both the buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money; they are quite 2 in themselves. A shop-keeper always runs a certain 3 when he accepts a cheque and he is quite 4 his rights if, 5, he refuses to do so.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith called 6. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant 7. He went to a famous jewellery shop which keeps a large 8 of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he 9 to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay 10 cheque. The assistant said that this was quite 11 but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with 12 the same name had presented them with a 13 cheque not long ago. He told my friend that the police would arrive 14 any moment and he had better stay 15 he wanted to get into serious trouble. 16 the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the 17 and asked him to 18 a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note 19: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” 20, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s.

Directions: There is a saying “True friendship is a plant of slow growth”. In the following you are expected to write an article in support of the point expressed by the saying. You should write no less than 300 words. You should first explain the meaning of the saying, present your thesis statement, then discuss the thesis in details, and finally you should make a conclusion of the article.

Passage 4Assertiveness involves acting in one’s own best interests by expressing one’s thoughts and feelings directly and honestly. Essentially, assertiveness involves standing up for your rights when someone else is about to infringe on them. To be assertive is to speak out openly.The nature of assertive communication can best be clarified by contrasting it with submissive communication and aggressive communication. Submissive communication is consistently giving in to others on points of possible contention. Submissive people tend to let others take advantage of them. Typically, their biggest problem is that they cannot say “no” to unreasonable requests. A common example is the college students who can’t tell her roommate not to borrow her clothes. They also have difficulty in voicing disagreement with others and making requests themselves. In traditional trait terminology, they are timid. Although the roots of submissiveness have not been investigated fully, they appear to lie in excessive concern about gaining the social approval of others. However, the strategy of not making waves is more likely to garner others’ contempt than their approval. Moreover, individuals who use this style often feel bad about themselves and resentful of those who they allow to take advantage of them. These feelings often lead the submissive individual to try to punish the other person by withdrawing or crying. These manipulative attempts to get one’s own way are sometimes referred to as “passive aggression” or “indirect aggression”.It is sometimes difficult to differentiate between assertive communication and aggressive communication. In principle, the distinction is fairly simple. Aggressive communication involves an intention to hurt or harm other people. Assertive behavior includes no such intention to do harm, but it does involve defending your rights. The problem in real life is that assertive and aggressive behavior may overlap. When someone is about to infringe on their rights, people often fight back at the other party while defending their rights. The challenge, then, is to learn to be firm and assertive without going a step too far and becoming aggressive.Advocates of assertive communication argue that it is much more adaptive than either submissive or aggressive communication. They maintain that submissive behavior leads to poor self-esteem, self-denial; emotional suppression, and strained interpersonal relationships. They assert that aggressive communication tends to promote guilt, alienation, and disharmony. In contrast, assertive behavior is said to foster high self-esteem and satisfactory interpersonal relationships.Of course, behaving assertively does not ensure that you will always get what you want. The essential point with assertiveness is that you are able to state what you want clearly and directly. Being able to do so makes you feel good about yourself and will usually make others feel good about you, too. And, although being assertive doesn’t guarantee your chances of getting what you want, it certainly enhances them.1. The best title for this passage is__.2. A contrast is made in the passage with a view to_.3. The roots to submissiveness seem to lie in.4. The chief difference between assertive and aggressive communication lies in .5. The most important thing about being assertive, compared to submissive and aggressive communication is that___.

Passage 3What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking? Is there no thinking without the use of language, namely in concepts and concept-combinations for which words need not necessarily come to mind? Has not every one of us struggled for words although the connection between “things” was already clear?We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to some extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together.What distinguished the language of science from language as we ordinarily understood the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of education geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental operation—that is the connections between those fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction between concepts and statements on the one hand and sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of accounting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined.The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations.What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it can not furnish the very goals. The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere; it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. Perfections of means and confusions of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age. If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means of approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.1.How does the writer draw the conclusion that mental development of an individual depends much upon language?2.According to the writer, scientific language is.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the technical revolution.4.Which of the following statements would the writer probably favor?5.The writer thinks that the characteristics of our age are___.

Passage 2Despite the clear cut technological advantages, the railroad didn’t become the primary means of transportation for nearly 20 years after the first pioneering American were introduced in the early 1830s. Besides the stiff competition of water transport, an important hindrance to railroad development was public antipathy, which had its roots in ignorance, conservatism, and vested interest. People thought that speeds of 20 to 30 miles per hour would be physically harmful to passengers. Many honestly believed that the railroad would prove to be impractical and uneconomical and would not provide service as dependable as that of the waterways.Unsurprisingly, the most vigorous opposition to railroads came from groups whose economic interests suffered from the competition of the new industry. Millions of dollars had been spent on canals, rivers, highways, and plank roads, and thousands of people depended on these transportation enterprises for their livelihood. Tavern keepers feared their businesses would be ruined, and farmers envisioned the market for hay and grain disappearing as the “iron horse” replaced the flesh-and-blood animal that drew canal boats and pulled wagons. Competitive interests joined to embarrass and hinder the railroads, causing several states to limit traffic on them to passengers and their baggage or to freight hauled only during the months when canal operations ceased. One railroad company in Ohio was required to pay for any loss in canal traffic attributed to railroad competition. Other railroads were ordered to pay a tonnage tax to support the operation of canals.These sentiments, however, amusing today, were seriously espoused by national leaders, as seen in an 1829 letter from Martin Van Buren, then governor of New York, to President Andrew Jackson.Despite the opposition of those who feared the railroads, construction went on. In section of the country where canals could not be built, the railroad offered a means of cheap transportation for all kinds of commodities. In contrast to the municipality that wished to exclude the railroad, many cities and towns, as well as their state governments, did much to encourage railroad construction. And the federal government provided tariff exemptions on railroad iron.By 1840, railroad mileage in the United States was within 1 000 miles of the combined lengths of all canals, the volume of goods carried by water still exceeded that transported by rail. After the depression of the early 1840s, rail investments continued, mostly government assisted, and by 1850, the country had 9 000 miles of railroads, and the railroad’s superiority was clear.With the more than 20 000 miles of rails added to the transportation system between 1850 and 1860, total trackage surpassed 30 000 at the end of the decade, and the volume of freight traffic equaled that the canals. All the states east of the Mississippi were connected during this decade. The eastern seaboard was linked with the Mississippi River system, and the Gulf and South Atlantic states could interchange traffic with the Great Lakes. Growing trunk lines like the Erie, the Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio completed construction of projects that had been started in the 1840s, and combinations of short-lines provided new through routes. By the beginning of the Civil War, the eastern framework of the present rail-transportation system had been erected, and it was possible to travel by rail the entire distance from New York to Chicago to Memphis and back to New York.Many modifications and improvements occurred, and total factor productivity in railroads more than doubled in the two decades before the Civil War. Technological advances were reflected in the fact that the average traction force of locomotives more than doubled in these two decades. Freight car sizes also increased, with eight-wheel cars being common by 1859. Most of the productivity rise, however, resulted from increased utilization of existing facilities. The stock of capital—and other inputs—grew, but output grew much faster as the initial input became more fully utilized.1. In two decades after introduced into the US, railroads didn’t become the chief means of transportation mainly because___.2. The American farmers worried that_.3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a group that was opposed to railroads?4. Which of the following statements is true?5. One of the adjectives which can best describe American economy between 1840s and 1860s is_____.

Passage 1From the health point of view we are in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car! It is-a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each day and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man’s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering-wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seem to condone his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are e few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability. Present driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.1.The main idea of this text is_. 2.What does the author think of society towards motorists?3.Why does the author say: “his car becomes the extension of his personality”?4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?5.The attitude of the author is_.

Every day more kids are born with parents of different nationalities, and more people are living outside the country of their native language. A hybrid generation is emerging, not only1 cyberspace but also by people living next door and touching each other’s lives.Bilingual kids, children speaking two languages, usually speak a bit later than kids who speak one language. Often their vocabulary in each language is a bit less than if one language were spoken. It can be 2 for parents to communicate with their children in separate languages. 3, the benefits will be great after years of4and hard work.The5of bilingualism run deeper than language. More than two languages, these kids6 two ways of thinking, two cultures, and what’s more, a personalized convergence(i.e. blending) of the two. The7for kids to really understand and share the feelings of people different from them increases when they internalize more than one language, 8 and culture.Wars and ethnic9 are almost always about money and greed. Power seekers—politicians, corporations and often religious leaders—are10 to encourage public support for dehumanizing those who stand11 the way of their aim.However, the12of multilingual influence in the world is13 for hope. Last October Dartmouth University researchers found that the human brain’s language centers are actually14 when dealing with two or more languages. Their findings reveal that we are15 to understand each other’s languages. Monolinguals might not be taking full16 of the brainpower that nature has made available. 17, bilingual kids are too busy advancing cognitive evolution to put18 with dehumanizing propaganda and war. They, and we, are built to19 among multiple cultures. It looks that20 and children are winning.

The ______ which must be followed at all stages of a Parliamentary election has changed little over a long period.

As Chinese New Year approaches, every household is busy tidying up to prepare for the ______ of the New Year.

Since they arrived in China in the late 1980s, western snack bars have appeared to be ______ in the marketplace.

If retailers could _______ the inconvenience to the customers and the consequent costs involved, their bottom lines would look healthier.

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